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TITLE:

A CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH TO ASSESS THE FREQUENCY OF FORDYCE’S GRANULES WITH RESPECT TO GENDER, AGE AND SITE OF SPOTS

AUTHORS:

Dr Maryam Amin, Kashif Usman Ahmad Khan, Dr Ahmed Farhan Ghouri

ABSTRACT:

Objective: The objective of this research was to determine the frequency of Fordyce’s granules among those patients who visited Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional research was carried out at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore from October 2017 to May 2018 on a total of 257 patients. In the total population, the males were 176 and females were 81. The patients were enrolled in the age bracket of 17 years to 85 years. Clinical assessment was carried out for all the patients. Research commenced after the informed written consent of the patients and ethical review permission of the institution. Results: Among 257 patients, 131 presented the occurrence of Fordyce’s granules at various oral cavity sites. Males were more affected than females in terms of Fordyce’s granules presence (57% Versus 37%). All those who were more than twenty years of age presented a higher incidence of the presence of Fordyce’s granules. Males presented higher Fordyce’s granules occurrences in the third and fourth decade of their age; whereas, females were more involved in the fourth and fifth decade of their age. The most common site of Fordyce’s granules was Buccal mucosa which was found among 61% patients along with another site such as upper lip, lower lip, retromolar area, gingiva and vermilion border. Conclusion: Most common site of Fordyce’s granules was Buccal mucosa along with another site such as upper lip, lower lip, retromolar area, gingiva and vermilion border. There was a significant difference among females and males in terms of Fordyce’s granules occurrence for both gender and age. Keywords: Ectopic Sebaceous Glands, White Patch, Fordyce’s Granules, Gingiva, Vermilion Border, Retromolar Area, Lower Lip, Upper Lip, Buccal Mucosa.

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::INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES::

TITLE:

OCCURRENCE OF TYPE-2 DIABETES AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN

AUTHORS:

Dr Maryam Amin, Kashif Usman Ahmad Khan, Dr Ahmed Farhan Ghouri

ABSTRACT:

Objective: The main aim of this research work is to interrogate the occurrence of type-2 diabetes and associated factor of risks in the district of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Methodology: This research work was a transverse research work in which the analysis of one thousand six hundred and fifty persons from twenty to eighty year of age, carried out with the utilization of random sampling method. After the fast of one complete night, the analysis of pre-diabetes & diabetes type-2 carried out in accordance with the standards of WHO. Results: The occurrence of diabetes type-2 and pre-diabetes was 11.10% & 16% correspondingly. Type-2 diabetes was present in 11% women & 11.20% men. Logistic regression in accordance with steps displayed that enhance age, family positive history, obesity, hypertension, no exercises, qualification & income of monthly basis are the vital risk factors linked with diabetes type-2. Conclusion: The findings of this research work show that type-2 diabetes is very serious health issue in the district of Lahore and there is requirement of good prevention strategies to tackle this complication. KEY WORDS: Body mass index, requirement, tackle, diabetes, methodology, regression, transverse.

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