Volume : 12, Issue : 10, October – 2025

Title:

EPILEPSY AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN PEDIATRICS, ADULTS AND GERIATRICS

Authors :

Aditya K. Khode*, Aditi V Tikait, Dr Swati P Deshmukh

Abstract :

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures due to abnormal neuronal activity. It affects individuals of all ages worldwide, with both genetic and acquired causes. The disorder significantly impacts quality of life by restricting social interaction, education, and employment. Globally, the treatment gap ranges from 10% in developed to 75% in developing nations. The prevalence varies with age—0.8% in children and adolescents, 20–25% onset in adults, and 2.4 per 1,000 in geriatrics, increasing after age 60. Epidemiological studies reveal a prevalence of 6.38 per 1,000 and incidence of 61.44 per 100,000 person-years, higher in low- and middle-income countries due to socioeconomic and healthcare disparities. Epilepsy types include focal, generalized, combined focal-generalized, and unknown onset seizures. Triggers vary by age—febrile illness and genetic predisposition in children, infections, brain injury, or metabolic causes in adults, and cerebrovascular disease or drug-induced seizures in geriatrics. Pathophysiologically, epilepsy involves neuronal hyperexcitability, imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms, and structural brain abnormalities such as mesial temporal sclerosis. Genetic, molecular, and epigenetic changes further contribute to epileptogenesis. Treatment approaches include antiepileptic drugs like phenobarbitone and phenytoin, surgical management for drug-resistant cases, and dietary modifications such as ketogenic or low-glycemic diets. Proper lifestyle adjustments, sleep hygiene, and medical supervision help minimize seizure frequency. Despite advancements, access to care remains limited in many regions, highlighting the need for improved awareness, early diagnosis, and comprehensive management to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life.
Keywords : Epilepsy, seizures, genetics, triggers, pathophysiology, treatment, drugs, diet, surgery, quality of life.

Cite This Article:

Please cite this article in press Aditya K. Khode et al., Epilepsy And Its Management In Pediatrics, Adults And Geriatrics, Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2025; 12(10).

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