Volume : 12, Issue : 11, November – 2025
Title:
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON LEAF EXTRACT OF CROTALARIA HEBECARPA
Authors :
Dr.K.L.Senthil Kumar *,Venmani M
Abstract :
Bacterial illnesses have presented significant threats to both animal husbandry and human health globally. The leaf of Crotalaria Hebecarpa from the family Fabaceae were studied to give a final report on preliminary phytochemical screening and in-vitro anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity. The plant’s leaves were air dried, ground into powder, and then extracted with 70% methanol. The resulting product was then filtered and dried at 50 degrees Celsius to form a dark green semi-solid mass. The methanolic extract of Crotalaria hebecarpa exhibited antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, as well as two Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A quantitative micro spectrophotometric test was used to determine antifungal activity. The suppression of growth was quantified in 96-well microtiter plates at a wavelength of 595 nm. Tests were regularly conducted using 20 µL of the extract for analysis, 10 µL of a spore suspension, and 70 µL of potato dextrose broth (PDB) (HiMedia, Mumbai, India). Using a microplate reader at 595 nm, the MIC values were done spectrophotometrically. The MIC of the extracts was determined as the minimal concentration of plant extract that resulted in over 90% growth inhibition at 48 hours, relative to the control. In this study, Crotalaria hebecarpa was evaluated for its antibacterial and antifungal efficacy against Klebsiella, E. coli, Proteus spp., Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus spp.None of the previous investigations have strictly tested the potential of the Methanolic leaf extract. The leaf extract of Crotalaria hebecarpa demonstrates significant potency, exhibiting dose-dependent antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of Crotalaria hebecarpa at a concentration of 10 µg demonstrates optimal efficacy against all pyrogens, particularly Streptococcus pyogenes (excluding Bacillus species). Crotalaria Hebecarpa has been validated to exhibit considerable antibacterial and antifungal properties, with the methanolic extract demonstrating encouraging efficacy. Further research may concentrate on extracting and identifying the active elements responsible for its pharmacological actions, thereby facilitating the development of herbal-based antibacterial and antifungal agents.
Keywords: Crotalaria hebecarpa, Anti-bacterial, Anti-fungal Anti-oxidant.
Cite This Article:
Please cite this article in press K.L.Senthil Kumar et al., Preliminary Phytochemical Screening And Pharmacological Studies On Leaf Extract Of Crotalaria Hebecarpa, Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2025; 12(11).
REFERENCES:
1. http://www.who.int/topics/traditional_medicine/en/).
2. A.S Rao, S.B Saheb, Kokkanti Mallikarjuna Pharmacologial evaluation of leaf ethanol extract of crotalaria hebecarpa (DC) Rudd. 2017, Vol.11, No.1, 34-42 ref.28
3. R Srinivas, P. Jyothi Chaitanya, N. Lakshmi bhavani Analysis of preliminary phytochemical constituents of whole plant extracts of crotalaria (DC).Rudd. ISSN 2349-8870 Vol.3, issue 7 442-444.
4. Engebretson J. Culture and complementary therapies. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 2002; 8:177–84.
5. Conboy L, Kaptchuk T. J, Eisenberg D. M, Gottlieb B, Acevedo-Garcia D. The relationship between social factors and attitudes toward conventional and CAM practitioners. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2007;13:146–57.
6. Rishton G. M. Natural products as a robust source of new drugs and drug leads: Past successes and present day issues. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:43D–9D.
7. Rishton G. M. Natural products as a robust source of new drugs and drug leads: Past successes and present day issues. Am J Cardiol. 2008; 101:43D–9D.
8. Allison, D.B., Fontaine, K.R., Heshka, S., Mentore, J.L. & Heymsfield, S.B. (2001) Alternative treatments for weight loss: A critical review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 41, 1–28
9. Angell, M. & Kassirer, J.P. (1998) Alternative medicine — The risks of untested and unregular remedies. New Engl. J. Med., 339, 839–841
10. wang, D.V.C. (1997) Quality control and good manufacturing practices: Safety and efficacy of commercial herbals. Food Drug Law Inst., 52, 341–344
11. Berger, E. (2001) The Canada Health Monitor Surveys of Health Issues in Canada, Survey 22, Ottawa, Health Canada
12. Bhat, K.K.P. (1995) Medicinal plant information databases. In: Non-Wood Forest Products. 11.
13. Medicinal Plants for Conservation and Health Care, Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization
14. Shaw D. Risks or remedies? Safety aspects of herbal remedies. J. Roy. Soc. Med. 1998; 91:294–296.
15. Schulz, V., Hänsel, R. & Tyler, V.E. (2001) Rational Phytotherapy. A Physician’s Guide to Herbal Medicine, 4th Ed., Berlin, Springer-Verlag.
16. Li L. [Opportunity and challenge of traditional Chinese medicine in face of the entrance to WTO (World Trade Organization)]. Chin. Inform. trad. Chin. Med. 2000; 7:7–8. (in Chinese)
17. Saito H. Regulation of herbal medicines in Japan. Pharmacol. Regul. 2000; 41:515–519.
18. Morgan, K. (2002) Medicine of the Gods: Basic Principles of Ayurvedic Medicine
19. Walsh TJ, Dixon DM. Spectrum of Mycoses. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. 4th Ed. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; Galveston (TX): 1996.
20. Lai CC, Tan CK, Huang YT, Shao PL, Hsueh PR. Current challenges in the management of invasive fungal infections. J Infect Chemother. 2008 Apr; 14(2):77-85.
21. Nutritional & Antioxidant analysis of crotalaria hebecarpa rudd. Vol-6, issu-1 2024
22. Lewis RE. Current concepts in antifungal pharmacology. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011 Aug; 86(8):805-17.
23. Grover ND. Echinocandins: A ray of hope in antifungal drug therapy. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010 Feb; 42(1):9-11.
24. Spampinato C, Leonardi D. Candida infections, causes, targets, and resistance mechanisms: traditional and alternative antifungal agents. Biomed Res Int. 2013; 2013:204237.
25. Kauffman CA, Bustamante B, Chapman SW, Pappas PG., Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 15; 45(10):1255-65.
26. Antifungal efficiency of wild plants against human-opportunistic pathogens M Hashem a, *, b, S.A. Alamri a, A. A Shathan a, S.R.Z. Alshehri a, Y S. Mostafa a, A. El-kott a,c
27. Antiviral, antifungal, and insecticidal activities of Eucalyptus bark extract. HPLC analysis of polyphenolic compounds Ahmed Abdelkhalek, Mohamed Z.M. Salem, Hayssam M. Ali, Ahmed M. Kordy, Abdelfattah Z.M. Salem, Said I Behiry
28. Exploring the antifungal activity and mechanism of action of Zingiberaceae rhizome extracts against Malassezia furfur Natthavadh Laokor, Weerapong Juntachai
29. Fungal Infections Diagnosis Past, Present and Future Alexandre Mendonça, HelenaSantos, Ricardo Franco-Duarte, Paula Sampaio.
30. Think Fungus-Prevention and Control of Fungal Infections, Mary E. Brandt and Benjamin J Park
31. The Spectrum of Fungi That Infects Humans- Julia R. Ko hlerl, Arturo Casadevall2, and John Perfect
32. Eflora of India. (n.d.). Crotalaria Hebecarpa. Retrieved from https://efloraofindia.com/efi/caralluma-adscendens.
33. https://hereditybio.in/blog/antibacterial-efficacy-step-by-step-guide-to-the-well-diffusion-method-for-evaluating-activity
34. India Biodiversity Portal. (n.d.). Crotalaria Hebecarpa. Retrieved from https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/1266682#description.
35. Broekaert, W.F., B.P.A. Cammue, M.F.C. De Bolle, K. Thevissen, G.W. De Samblanx, and R.W. Osborn. 1997. Antimicrobial peptides from plants. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 16:297-323.
36. Broekaert, W.F., F.R.G. Terras, B.P.A. Cammue, and J. Vanderleyden. 1990. An automated quantitative assay for fungal growth inhibition. FEMS Microbiology Letters 69:55-60.
37. Gilbert, S. F. (2000). Developmental biology. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates.
38. https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/why-use-the-zebrafish-in-research
39. https://currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cpet.19
40. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8589427
41. https://www.jove.com/science-education/5151/zebrafish-reproduction-and-development
42. https://www.tankarium.com/zebra-danio/
43. Alafiatayo A.A., Lai K.S., Syahida A., Mahmood M., Shaharuddin N.A. Phytochemical evaluation, embryotoxicity, and teratogenic effects of Curcuma longa extract on zebrafish (Danio rerio) Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2019;2019 doi: 10.1155/2019/3807207.]
44. Ismail H.F., Hashim Z., Soon W.T., Ab Rahman N.S., Zainudin A.N., Abdul Majid F.A. Comparative study of herbal plants on the phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activities and toxicity on cells and zebrafish embryo. J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 2017;7:452–465. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.006.
45. Falcao M.A.P., de Souza L.S., Dolabella S.S., Guimaraes A.G., Walker C.I.B. Zebrafish as an alternative method for determining the embryo toxicity of plant products: A systematic review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2018;25:35015–35026. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-3399-7
46. Gebrelibanos Hiben M., Kamelia L., de Haan L., Spenkelink B., Wesseling S., Vervoort J., Rietjens I.M.C.M. Hazard assessment of Maerua subcordata (Gilg) DeWolf. for selected endpoints using a battery of in vitro tests. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019;241:111978. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111978.
47. Fürst R., Zündorf I. Evidence-based phytotherapy in Europe: Where do we stand? Planta Med. 2015;81:962–967. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1545948.
Books referred:
1. Phytochemical Methods A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis Third edition -J.B. Harborne, Professor of Botany 15 University of Reading, UK.
2. Essential Microbiology Stuart Hogg- The University of Glamorgan, UK Essential Microbiology for Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Geoffrey Hanlon and Norman Hodges School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, UK.
3. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology- Third Edition
4. A text book of pharmacognosy by C. K. kokate.
5. Medical Microbiology Fritz H Kayser, M.D. Emeritus Professor of Medical Microbiology Institute of Medical Microbiology University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland.