Volume : 13, Issue : 07, July – 2026
Title:
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INVASOMAL GEL OF KETOPROFEN FOR EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF TOPICAL INFLAMMATION
Authors :
Prashant Chaurasia*, Satkar Prasad
Abstract :
The present study aimed to develop and evaluate a ketoprofen-loaded invasomal gel for enhanced transdermal drug delivery and sustained drug release. Ketoprofen-loaded invasomes were prepared by the mechanical dispersion method using soya phosphatidylcholine, ethanol, and terpene. Six formulations (IN1–IN6) were developed by varying the concentrations of phospholipid and terpene and were evaluated for vesicle size and entrapment efficiency. The optimized invasomal formulation (IN2) exhibited the highest entrapment efficiency (84.18 ± 0.31%) and the smallest vesicle size (176.84 ± 2.41 nm), indicating efficient drug encapsulation and nanosized vesicle formation suitable for enhanced skin permeation. The optimized invasomal dispersion was incorporated into a Carbopol gel to prepare invasomal gel formulations (IG-1 to IG-3). Among these, IG-2 demonstrated desirable physicochemical characteristics, including viscosity (3388 ± 12 cps), pH (5.96 ± 0.02), drug content (99.28 ± 0.18%), satisfactory spreadability, and good extrudability. In vitro drug release studies revealed a sustained release profile, with 98.24 ± 0.22% drug release over 12 h compared with the rapid release of the pure drug. Release kinetic analysis showed the best fit to the Korsmeyer–Peppas model (R² = 0.9833),
followed by the Higuchi model (R² = 0.9702), indicating diffusion-controlled drug release with polymer relaxation. Stability studies conducted for six months under refrigerated and room- temperature conditions confirmed that the optimized formulation retained acceptable physicochemical properties without significant changes. Overall, the optimized ketoprofen invasomal gel demonstrated excellent vesicular characteristics, sustained drug release, and good stability, indicating its potential as an effective transdermal drug delivery system for improving therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Further ex vivo and in vivo studies are warranted to establish its clinical applicability.
Keywords: Ketoprofen, Invasomes, Transdermal drug delivery, Carbopol gel, Entrapment efficiency, Vesicle size, Sustained release, Korsmeyer–Peppas model, Stability study, Topica drug delivery.
Cite This Article:
Please cite this article in press Prashant Chaurasia et al., Formulation And Characterization Of Invasomal Gel Of Ketoprofen For Effective Treatment Of Topical Inflammation, Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2026; 13(07).
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