Volume : 08, Issue : 06, June – 2021

Title:

27.THE IMPACT OF AUTISM ON FAMILY WITH AUTISTIC CHILD

Authors :

Dr Zeeshan Aslam, Dr Faisal Rasheed

Abstract :

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) refers to a group of neurological disorders associated with a severe developmental disability and cause difficulties with communicating, thinking, and interacting with others. As a result, this condition results in difficulties meeting social, educational, occupational, and other important demands throughout one’s entire life. Males are disproportionately affected by autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is becoming more prevalent today. Estimates of ASD prevalence in the US ranged from 5.7 to 21.9 per 1,000 children aged eight years, according to the source. Autism is a very complicated disorder. A wide range of studies indicate that families with children face various challenges. It is one of these problems. Stress that parents endure because of an autistic child influences the family’s well-being as a whole. The findings from this study showed that family involvement in the lives of children with ASD cannot be overemphasised. An easy way to help everyone in the family is to improve familial support, marriages, and social involvement. Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder may discover that they benefit from receiving supportive and positive social support. Increasing the adaptability of family members who are related to autistic children may benefit both parents, particularly the mother.

Cite This Article:

Please cite this article in press Zeeshan Aslam et al., The Impact Of Autism On Family With Autistic Child.., Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2021; 08(06).

Number of Downloads : 10

References:

1. Baio J, Wiggins L, Christensen DL, et al. Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveill Summ 2018;67(No. SS-6):1–23. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1
external icon
2. Baxter AJ, Brugha TS, Erskine HE, Scheurer RW, Vos T, Scott JG. The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders. Psychol Med. 2015 Feb;45(3):601-13. doi: 10.1017/S003329171400172X. Epub 2014 Aug 11. PMID: 25108395.
3. Autistic Children’s Welfare Foundation 2011.
4. Filipek PA. Neuroimaging in the developmental disorders: the state of the science. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999 Jan;40(1):113-28. PMID: 10102728.
5. Lord C, Risi S, DiLavore PS, Shulman C, Thurm A, Pickles A. Autism from 2 to 9 years of age. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;63(6):694-701. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.694. PMID: 16754843.
6. Kolevzon A, Gross R, Reichenberg A. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism: a review and integration of findings. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007 Apr;161(4):326-33. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.161.4.326. PMID: 17404128.
7. Gardener H, Spiegelman D, Buka SL. Prenatal risk factors for autism: comprehensive meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Jul;195(1):7-14. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.051672. PMID: 19567888; PMCID: PMC3712619.
8. Gardener H, Spiegelman D, Buka SL. Perinatal and neonatal risk factors for autism: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2011 Aug;128(2):344-55. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-1036. Epub 2011 Jul 11. PMID: 21746727; PMCID: PMC3387855.
9. Guinchat V, Thorsen P, Laurent C, Cans C, Bodeau N, Cohen D. Pre-, peri- and neonatal risk factors for autism. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012 Mar;91(3):287-300. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01325.x. PMID: 22085436.
10. Durkin MS, Maenner MJ, Newschaffer CJ, Lee LC, Cunniff CM, Daniels JL, Kirby RS, Leavitt L, Miller L, Zahorodny W, Schieve LA. Advanced parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorder. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Dec 1;168(11):1268-76. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwn250. Epub 2008 Oct 21. PMID: 18945690; PMCID: PMC2638544.
11. Croen LA, Najjar DV, Fireman B, Grether JK. Maternal and paternal age and risk of autism spectrum disorders. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007 Apr;161(4):334-40. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.161.4.334. PMID: 17404129.
12. Glasson EJ, Bower C, Petterson B, de Klerk N, Chaney G, Hallmayer JF. Perinatal factors and the development of autism: a population study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Jun;61(6):618-27. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.6.618. PMID: 15184241.
13. Russell, G., Kelly, S. and Golding, J. (2010), A qualitative analysis of lay beliefs about the aetiology and prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders. Child: Care, Health and Development, 36: 431-436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00994.x
14. Bazzano A, Zeldin A, Schuster E, Barrett C, Lehrer D. Vaccine-related beliefs and practices of parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2012 May;117(3):233-42. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-117.3.233. PMID: 22716265.
15. Dardennes RM, Al Anbar NN, Prado-Netto A, Kaye K, Contejean Y, Al Anbar NN. Treating the cause of illness rather than the symptoms: parental causal beliefs and treatment choices in autism spectrum disorder. Res Dev Disabil. 2011 May-Jun;32(3):1137-46. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.01.010. PMID: 21316189.
16. Estes A, Munson J, Dawson G, Koehler E, Zhou XH, Abbott R. Parenting stress and psychological functioning among mothers of preschool children with autism and developmental delay. Autism. 2009 Jul;13(4):375-87. doi: 10.1177/1362361309105658. PMID: 19535467; PMCID: PMC2965631.
17. Rao PA, Landa RJ. Association between severity of behavioral phenotype and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism. 2014 Apr;18(3):272-80. doi: 10.1177/1362361312470494. Epub 2013 Jun 5. PMID: 23739542; PMCID: PMC4103643.
18. Sanders, J. L., & Morgan, S. B. (1997). Family stress and adjustment as perceived by parents of children with autism or Down Syndrome: Implications for intervention. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 19(4), 15–32. https://doi.org/10.1300/J019v19n04_02
19. Rao PA, Beidel DC. The impact of children with high-functioning autism on parental stress, sibling adjustment, and family functioning. Behav Modif. 2009 Jul;33(4):437-51. doi: 10.1177/0145445509336427. Epub 2009 May 12. PMID: 19436073.
20. Hall HR, Graff JC. The relationships among adaptive behaviors of children with autism, family support, parenting stress, and coping. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs. 2011;34(1):4-25. doi: 10.3109/01460862.2011.555270. PMID: 21341964.
21. Hartley SL, Barker ET, Seltzer MM, Floyd F, Greenberg J, Orsmond G, Bolt D. The relative risk and timing of divorce in families of children with an autism spectrum disorder. J Fam Psychol. 2010 Aug;24(4):449-57. doi: 10.1037/a0019847. PMID: 20731491; PMCID: PMC2928572.
22. Hastings RP, Brown T. Behavior problems of children with autism, parental self-efficacy, and mental health. Am J Ment Retard. 2002 May;107(3):222-32. doi: 10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0222:BPOCWA>2.0.CO;2. PMID: 11966335.
23. Strauss K, Vicari S, Valeri G, D’Elia L, Arima S, Fava L. Parent inclusion in Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention: the influence of parental stress, parent treatment fidelity and parent-mediated generalization of behavior targets on child outcomes. Res Dev Disabil. 2012 Mar-Apr;33(2):688-703. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.11.008. Epub 2011 Dec 19. PMID: 22188793.
24. Gray, D.E. (1994), Coping with autism: stresses and strategies. Sociology of Health & Illness, 16: 275-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.ep11348729
25. Susan Bonis (2016) Stress and Parents of Children with Autism: A Review of Literature, Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 37:3, 153-163, DOI: 10.3109/01612840.2015.1116030
26. Deater-Deckard, K. (1998). Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5(3), 314–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00152.x
27. Makrygianni MK, Reed P. Factors impacting on the outcomes of Greek intervention programmes for children with autistic spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spect Disord. 2010;4(4):697-708.
28. Gomes P, Lima LH, Bueno MK, Araújo LA, Souza NM. Autism in Brazil: A systematic review of family challenges and coping strategies. J De Pediatr. 2015;91(2):111-121.
29. Sloper P, Turner S. Risk and resistance factors in the adaptation of parents of children with severe physical disability. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1993;34(2):167-188.
30. Shu BC, Lung FW, Chang YY. The mental health in mothers with autistic children: A case-control study in southern Taiwan. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2000;16(6):308-314.
31. Hutton AM, Caron SL. Experiences of families with children with autism in rural New England: Focus on autism and other developmental disabilities. 2005;20(3):180-189.
32. Tahmassian K, Anari MA, Fathabadi M. The influencing factors of parenting stress in Iranian mothers. Stress. 2011;81(19):19-24.
33. Gray DE. Everybody just freezes-Everybody is just embarrassed: Felt and enacted stigma among parents of children with high functioning autism. Sociol Health Illness. 2002;24(6):734-749.
34. Yamada A, Suzuki M, Kato M, Suzuki M, Tanaka S, Shindo T, et al. Emotional distress and its correlates among parents of children with pervasive developmental disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;61(6):651-657.
35. Neece CL, Green SA, Baker BL. Parenting stress and child behavior problems: A transactional relationship across time. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2012;117(1):48-66.
36. Valicenti-McDermott M, Lawson K, Hottinger K, Seijo R, Schechtman M, Shulman L, et al. Parental stress in families of children with autism and other developmental disabilities. J Child Neurol. 2015;30(13):1728-1735.
37. Ekas NV, Pruitt MM, McKay E. Hope, social relations, and depressive symptoms in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Res Autism Spect Disord. 2016;29:8-18.
38. Davis NO, Carter AS. Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Associations with child characteristics. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38(7):p:1278.
39. Thyen U, Kuhlthau K, Perrin JM. Employment, child care, and mental health of mothers caring for children assisted by technology. Pediatric. 1999;103(6):1235-1242.
40. Dickinson K, Place M. Living with children with autistic spectrum condition: parental stress and the impact upon family functioning. Adv Soc Sci Res J. 2016;3(3):110-122.
41. Karst JS, Van Hecke AV. Parent and family impact of autism spectrum disorders: A review and proposed model for intervention evaluation. Clin Child family Psychol Rev. 2012;15(3):247-277.
42. Nolcheva M, Trajkovski V. Exploratory Study: Stress, Coping and Support among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Special Edu Rehabil. 2015.
43. Knapp M, Romeo R, Beecham J. Economic cost of autism in the UK. Autism. 2009;13(3):317-336.
44. Sivberg B. Family system and coping behaviors: A comparison between parents of children with autistic spectrum disorders and parents with non-autistic children. Autism. 2002;6(4):397-409.
45. Smith LE, Hong J, Seltzer MM, Greenberg JS, Almeida DM, Bishop SL. Daily experiences among mothers of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2010;40(2):167-178.
46. Tomanik S, Harris GE, Hawkins J. The relationship between behaviors exhibited by children with autism and maternal stress. J Int Dev Disabil. 2004;29(1):16-26.
47. Lecavalier L, Leone S, Wiltz J. The impact of behaviour problems on caregiver stress in young people with autism spectrum disorders. J Int Disabil Res. 2006;50(3):172-183.
48. Gray DE. Gender and coping: The parents of children with high functioning autism. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56(3):631-642.
49. Herring S, Gray K, Taffe J, Tonge B, Sweeney D, Einfeld S. Behaviour and emotional problems in toddlers with pervasive developmental disorders and developmental delay: Associations with parental mental health and family functioning. J Int Disabil Res. 2006;50(12):874-882.
50. Hastings RP. Child behaviour problems and partner mental health as correlates of stress in mothers and fathers of children with autism. J Int Disabil Res. 2003;47(45):231-237.
51. Soltanifar A, Akbarzadeh F, Moharreri F, Soltanifar A, Ebrahimi A, Mokhber N, et al. Comparison of parental stress among mothers and fathers of children with autistic spectrum disorder in Iran. Iranian J Nursing Midwifery Res. 2015;20(1):p:93.
52. Rao PA, Beidel DC. The impact of children with high-functioning autism on parental stress, sibling adjustment and family functioning. Behavior Modification. 2009;33(4):437-451.
53. Orsmond GI, Seltzer MM. Siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorders across the life course. Mental Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2007;13(4):313-320.
54. Verté S, Roeyers H, Buysse A. Behavioural problems, social competence and self-concept in siblings of children with autism. Child Care Health Dev. 2003;29(3):193-205.
55. Ferraioli SJ, Harris SL. Social Work in Mental Health: The impact of autism on siblings. J Family Studies. 2010;16(2):179-180.
56. Ben-Yizhak N, Yirmiya N, Seidman I, Alon R, Lord C, Sigman M. Pragmatic language and school related linguistic abilities in siblings of children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011;41(6):750-760.
57. Kaminsky L, Dewey D. Psychosocial adjustment in siblings of children with autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2002;43(2):225-232.
58. Pilowsky T, Yirmiya N, Doppelt O, Gross Tsur V, Shalev RS. Social and emotional adjustment of siblings of children with autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004;45(4):855-865.
59. Meyer KA, Ingersoll B, Hambrick DZ. Factors influencing adjustment in siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2011;5(4):1413-1420.
60. Rezendes DL, Scarpa A. Associations between parental anxiety/depression and child behavior problems related to autism spectrum disorders: The roles of parenting stress and parenting self-efficacy. Autism Res Treat. 2011.
61. Montes G, Halterman JS. Association of childhood autism spectrum disorders and loss of family income. Pediatrics. 2008;121(4):821-826.
62. Peacock G, Amendah D, Ouyang L, Grosse SD. Autism spectrum disorders and health care expenditures: The effects of co-occurring conditions. J Dev Behavior Pediatr. 2012;33(1):2-8.
63. Järbrink K, Fombonne E, Knapp M. Measuring the parental, service and cost impacts of children with autistic spectrum disorder: A pilot study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003;33(4):395-402.
64. Al-Farsi YM, Waly MI, Al-Sharbati MM, Al-Shafaee M, Al-Farsi O, Al-Fahdi S, et al. Variation in socio-economic burden for caring of children with autism spectrum disorder in Oman: Caregiver perspectives. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43(5):1214-1221.
65. Lavelle TA, Weinstein MC, Newhouse JP, Munir K, Kuhlthau KA, Prosser LA. Economic burden of childhood autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2014;133(3):520-529.
66. Cidav Z, Marcus SC, Mandell DS. Implications of childhood autism for parental employment and earnings. Pediatrics. 2012;129(4):617-623.
67. Weiss JA, Lunsky Y. The brief family distress scale: A measure of crisis in caregivers of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. J Child Family Studies. 2011;20(4):521-528.
68. Meadan H, Halle JW, Ebata AT. Families with children who have autism spectrum disorders: Stress and support. Except Child. 2010;77(1):7-36.
69. Divan G, Vajaratkar V, Desai MU, Strik-Lievers L, Patel V. Challenges, Coping Strategies and Unmet Needs of Families with a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Goa, India. Autism Res. 2012;5(3):190-200.
70. Hay I, Winn S. Students with Asperger’s syndrome in an inclusive secondary school environment: Teachers’, parents’, and students’ perspectives. Australasian J Special Edu. 2005;29(2):140-154.
71. Bauminger N, Kasari C. Loneliness and friendship in high functioning children with autism. Child Dev. 2000;71(2):447-456.
72. Chan JB, Sigafoos J. Does respite care reduce parental stress in families with developmentally disabled children. Child Youth Care Forum. 2001;30(5) 253-263.
73. Foster G. The nature of educational inclusion for students diagnosed autistic spectrum disorder with challenging behaviours.
74. Paylo MJ. Preparing school counseling students to aid families: Integrating a family systems perspective. Family J. 2011;19(2):140-146.