Volume : 09, Issue : 03, March – 2021
34.CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY IMPACT OF GLYCATED ALBUMIN AS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER IN DIABETES
Hossam, B. Bahnasy
Abstract :
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that represents a high global incidence rate. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) is the long – term glucose reference test it appears to be associated with chronic diabetes complications,(Hb A1C) is not recommended for use in clinical situations that may interfere with metabolism of hemoglobin, as in hemolytic anemia, secondary or iron deficiency, hemoglobinopathies, pregnancy, and uremia. Glycated albumin (GA)is ashort term blood sugar test that is not affected by cases that incorrectly change A1c leveles.GA is the top part of glucose of fructosamine .it is meashured by the standard enzyme methodology , easy and fast performance. These Laboratory properties have ensured the spotlight on GA in studies from the past decade,as asign of monitoring and screening for diabetes as well as predicting long –term outcomes of the disease . The aim of this review was to discuss the physiological and biochemistry characteristics of the GA, as well as its clinical utility in DM.
Key words: Diabetes mellitus; glycated albumin; glycated proteins
Cite This Article:
Please cite this article in press Hossam, B. Bahnasy., Clinical Biochemistry Impact Of Glycated Albumin As A Potential Biomarker In Diabetes., Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2021; 08(03).
Number of Downloads : 10
References:
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6. Cavagnolli G, Pimentel AL, Freitas PA, Gross JL, Camargo JL. Factors affecting A1C in non-diabetic individuals: Review and meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;445:107-14. [ Links ]
7. National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP): factors that interfere with HbA1c test results. 2015. Available from: <http://www.ngsp.org/factors.asp. Accessed on: Dec 4, 2015. [ Links ]
8. Selvin E, Steffes MW, Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Coresh J, Brancati FL. Racial differences in glycemic markers: a cross-sectional analysis of community-based data. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(5):303-9. [ Links ]
9. Ziemer DC, Kolm P, Weintraub WS, Vaccarino V, Rhee MK, Twombly JG, et al. Glucose-independent, black-white differences in hemoglobin A1c levels: a cross-sectional analysis of 2 studies. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(12):770-7. [ Links ]
10. Kohzuma T, Koga M. Lucica GA-L glycated albumin assay kit: a new diagnostic test for diabetes mellitus. Mol Diagn Ther. 2010;14(1):49-51. [ Links ]
11. Koga M, Kasayama S. Clinical impact of glycated albumin as another glycemic control marker. Endocr J. 2010;57(9):751-62. [ Links ]
12. Kouzuma T, Usami T, Yamakoshi M, Takahashi M, Imamura S. An enzymatic method for the measurement of glycated albumin in biological samples. Clin Chim Acta. 2002;324(1-2):61-71. [ Links ]
13. Kim C, Bullard KM, Herman WH, Beckles GL. Association between iron deficiency and A1C Levels among adults without diabetes in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2006. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(4):780-5. [ Links ]
14. Freedman BI, Shenoy RN, Planer JA, Clay KD, Shihabi ZK, Burkart JM, et al. Comparison of glycated albumin and hemoglobin A1c concentrations in diabetic subjects on peritoneal and hemodialysis. Perit Dial Int. 2010;30(1):72-9. [ Links ]
15. Sany D, Elshahawy Y, Anwar W. Glycated albumin versus glycated hemoglobin as glycemic indicator in hemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus: variables that influence. Saudi J Kidnei Dis Transpl. 2013;24(2):260-73. [ Links ]
16. Nathan DM, McGee P, Steffes MW, Lachin JM; DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Relationship of glycated albumin to blood glucose and HbA1c values and to retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular outcomes in the DCCT/EDIC study. Diabetes. 2014;63(1):282-90. [ Links ]
17. Selvin E, Rawlings AM, Grams M, Klein R, Sharrett AR, Steffes M, et al. Fructosamine and glycated albumin for risk stratification and prediction of incident diabetes and microvascular complications: a prospective cohort analysis of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(4):279-88. [ Links ]
18. Anguizola J, Matsuda R, Barnaby OS, Hoy KS, Wa C, DeBolt E, et al. Glycation of human serum albumin. Clin Chim Acta. 2013;425:64-76. [ Links ]
19. Danese E, Montagnana M, Nouvenne A, Lippi G. Advantages and pitfalls of fructosamine and glycated albumin in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015;9(2):169-76. [ Links ]
20. Ueda Y, Matsumoto H. Recent topics in chemical and clinical research on glycated albumin. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015;9(2):177-82. [ Links ]
21. Arasteh A, Farahi S, Habibi-Rezaei M, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Glycated albumin: an overview of the In Vitro models of an In Vivo potential disease marker. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2014;13:49. [ Links ]
22. Cohen MP. Intervention strategies to prevent pathogenetic effects of glycated albumin. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2003;419(1):25-30. [ Links ]
23. Garlick RL, Mazer JS. The principal site of nonenzymatic glycosylation of human serum albumin in vivo. J Biol Chem. 1983;258:6142-6. [ Links ]
24. Kisugi R, Kouzuma T, Yamamoto T, Akizuki S, Miyamoto H, Someya Y, et al. Structural and glycation site changes of albumin in diabetic patient with very high glycated albumin. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;382(1-2):59-64. [ Links ]
25. Rondeau P, Bourdon E. The glycation of albumin: structural and functional impacts. Biochimie. 2011;93(4):645-58. [ Links ]
26. Khan MS, Tabrez S, Rabbani N, Shah A. Oxidative Stress Mediated Cytotoxicity of Glycated Albumin: Comparative Analysis of Glycation by Glucose Metabolites. J Fluoresc. 2015;25(6):1721-6. [ Links ]
27. Singh VP, Bali A, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Advanced Glycation End Products and Diabetic Complications. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2014;18(1):1-14. [ Links ]
28. Raghav A, Ahmad J. Glycated serum albumin: a potential disease marker and an intermediate index of diabetes control. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2014;8(4):245-51. [ Links ]
29. Roohk HV, Zaidi AR. A review of glycated albumin as an intermediate glycation index for controlling diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2008;2(6):1114-21. [ Links ]
30. Paroni R, Ceriotti F, Galanello R, Battista Leoni G, Panico A, Scurati E, et al. Performance characteristics and clinical utility of an enzymatic method for the measurement of glycated albumin in plasma. Clin Biochem. 2007;40(18):1398-405. [ Links ]
31. Kohzuma T, Yamamoto T, Uematsu Y, Shihabi ZK, Freedman BI. Basic Performance of an Enzymatic Method for Glycated Albumin and Reference Range Determination. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011;5(6):1455-62. [ Links ]
32. Furusyo N, Hayashi J. Glycated albumin and diabetes mellitus. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1830(12):5509-14. [ Links ]
33. Rodriguez-Capote K, Tovell K, Holmes D, Dayton J, Higgins TN. Analytical evaluation of the Diazyme glycated serum protein assay on the siemens ADVIA 1800: comparison of results against HbA1c for diagnosis and management of diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015;9(2):192-9. [ Links ]
34. Freitas PAC, Ehlert LR, Camargo JL. Comparison between two enzymatic methods for glycated albumin. Anal Methods. 2016;8:8173-8. [ Links ]
35. Montagnana M, Paleari R, Danese E, Salvagno GL, Lippi G, Guidi GC, et al. Evaluation of biological variation of glycated albumin (GA) and fructosamine in healthy subjects. Clin Chim Acta. 2013;423:1-4. [ Links ]
36. Watano T, Sasaki K, Omoto K, Kawano M. Stability of stored samples for assays of glycated albumin. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;101(1):e1-2. [ Links ]
37. Koga M. Glycated albumin; clinical usefulness. Clin Chim Acta. 2014;433:96-104. [ Links ]
38. Silva JF, Pimentel AL, Camargo JL. Effect of iron deficiency anaemia on HbA1c levels is dependent on the degree of anaemia. Clin Biochem. 2016;49(1):117-20. [ Links ]
39. Suzuki S, Koga M, Amamiya S, Nakao A, Wada K, Okuhara K, et al. Glycated albumin but not HbA1c reflects glycaemic control in patients with neonatal diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2011;54(9):2247-53. [ Links ]
40. Hashimoto K, Koga M. Indicators of glycemic control in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnant women with diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(8):1045-56. [ Links ]
41. Hashimoto K, Osugi T, Noguchi S, Morimoto Y, Wasada K, Imai S, et al. A1C but not serum glycated albumin is elevated because of iron deficiency in late pregnancy in diabetic women. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(3):509-11. [ Links ]
42. Zheng CM, Ma WY, Wu CC, Lu KC. Glycated albumin in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2012;413(19-20):1555-61. [ Links ]
43. Vos FE, Schollum JB, Walker RJ. Glycated albumin is the preferred marker for assessing glycaemic control in advanced chronic kidney disease. NDT Plus. 2011;4(6):368-75. [ Links ]
44. Harada K, Sumida K, Yamaguchi Y, Akai Y. Relationship between the accuracy of glycemic markers and the chronic kidney disease stage in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Nephrol. 2014;82(2):107-14. [ Links ]
45. Carson AP, Reynolds K, Fonseca VA, Muntner P. Comparison of A1c and fasting glucose criteria to diagnose diabetes among US adults. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(1):95-7. [ Links ]
46. Cavagnolli G, Comerlato J, Comerlato C, Renz PB, Gross JL, Camargo JL. HbA1c measurement for the diagnosis of diabetes: is it enough? Diabet Med. 2011;28(1):31-5. [ Links ]
47. Tominaga M, Makino E, Yoshino G, et al.: Report of the committee on standardization of laboratory testing related to diabetes mellitus of Japan Diabetes Society: determination of reference intervals of hemoglobin A1c (IFCC) and glycoalbumin in the Japanese population. J Japan Diab Soc. 2006;49:825-33. [ Links ]
48. Furusyo N, Koga T, Ai M, Otokozawa S, Kohzuma T, Ikezaki H, et al. Utility of glycated albumin for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in a Japanese population study: results from the Kyushu and Okinawa Population Study (KOPS). Diabetologia. 2011;54(12):3028-36. [ Links ]
49. Ikezaki H, Furusyo N, Ihara T, Hayashi T, Ura K, Hiramine S, et al. Glycated albumin as a diagnostic tool for diabetes in a general Japanese population. Metabolism. 2015;64(6):698-705. [ Links ]
50. Hwang YC, Jung CH, Ahn HY, Jeon WS, Jin SM, Woo JT, et al. Optimal glycated albumin cutoff value to diagnose diabetes in Korean adults: a retrospective study based on the oral glucose tolerance test. Clin Chim Acta. 2014;437:1-5. [ Links ]
51. Hsu P, Ai M, Kanda E, Yu NC, Chen HL, Chen HW, et al. A comparison of glycated albumin and glycosylated hemoglobin for the screening of diabetes mellitus in Taiwan. Atherosclerosis. 2015;242(1):327-33. [ Links ]
52. Sumner AE, Duong MT, Aldana PC, Ricks M, Tulloch-Reid MK, Lozier JN, et al. A1C Combined With Glycated Albumin Improves Detection of Prediabetes in Africans: The Africans in America Study. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(2):271-7. [ Links ]
53. Testa R, Ceriotti F, Guerra E, Bonfigli AR, Boemi M, Cucchi M, et al. Glycated albumin: correlation to HbA1c and preliminary reference interval evaluation. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017;55(2):e31-e33. [ Links ]
54. Chan CL, Pyle L, Kelsey M, Newnes L, Zeitler PS, Nadeau KJ. Screening for type 2 diabetes and prediabetes in obese youth: evaluating alternate markers of glycemia – 1,5-anhydroglucitol, fructosamine, and glycated albumin. Pediatric Diabetes. 2016;17(3):206-11. [ Links ]
55. Yoshiuchi K, Matsuhisa M, Katakami N, Nakatani Y, Sakamoto K, Matsuoka T, et al. Glycated albumin is a better indicator for glucose excursion than glycated hemoglobin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Endocr J. 2008;55(3):503-7. [ Links ]
56. Yoon HJ, Lee YH, Kim KJ, Kim SR, Kang ES, Cha BS, et al. Glycated Albumin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Increase Relative to HbA1c with Time. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:1-8. [ Links ]
57. Suwa T1, Ohta A, Matsui T, Koganei R, Kato H, Kawata T, et al. Relationship between clinical markers of glycemia and glucose excursion evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Endocr J. 2010;57(2):135-40. [ Links ]
58. Yoon HJ, Lee YH, Kim SR, Rim TH, Lee EY, Kang ES, et al. Glycated albumin and the risk of micro- and macrovascular complications in subjects with Type 1 Diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2015;14:53. [ Links ]
59. Selvin E, Rawlings AM, Lutsey PL, Maruthur N, Pankow JS, Steffes M, et al. Fructosamine and Glycated Albumin and the Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes and Death. Circulation. 2015;132(4):269-77. [ Links ]
60. Bhonsle HS, Korwar AM, Kote SS, Golegaonkar SB, Chougale AD, Shaik ML, et al. Low plasma albumin levels are associated with increased plasma protein glycation and HbA1c in diabetes. J Proteome Res. 2012;11(2):1391-6. [ Links ]
2. American Diabetes Association: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2016. Diabetes Care 2016;39(Supplement1):S1-S112. [ Links ]
3. Sacks DB, Bruns DE, Goldstein DE, Maclaren NK, McDonald JM, Parrott M. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem. 2011;57(6):e1-e47. [ Links ]
4. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (DCCT). The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl JMed. 1993;30;329(14): 977-86. [ Links ]
5. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group: Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837-53. [ Links ]
6. Cavagnolli G, Pimentel AL, Freitas PA, Gross JL, Camargo JL. Factors affecting A1C in non-diabetic individuals: Review and meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;445:107-14. [ Links ]
7. National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP): factors that interfere with HbA1c test results. 2015. Available from: <http://www.ngsp.org/factors.asp. Accessed on: Dec 4, 2015. [ Links ]
8. Selvin E, Steffes MW, Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Coresh J, Brancati FL. Racial differences in glycemic markers: a cross-sectional analysis of community-based data. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(5):303-9. [ Links ]
9. Ziemer DC, Kolm P, Weintraub WS, Vaccarino V, Rhee MK, Twombly JG, et al. Glucose-independent, black-white differences in hemoglobin A1c levels: a cross-sectional analysis of 2 studies. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(12):770-7. [ Links ]
10. Kohzuma T, Koga M. Lucica GA-L glycated albumin assay kit: a new diagnostic test for diabetes mellitus. Mol Diagn Ther. 2010;14(1):49-51. [ Links ]
11. Koga M, Kasayama S. Clinical impact of glycated albumin as another glycemic control marker. Endocr J. 2010;57(9):751-62. [ Links ]
12. Kouzuma T, Usami T, Yamakoshi M, Takahashi M, Imamura S. An enzymatic method for the measurement of glycated albumin in biological samples. Clin Chim Acta. 2002;324(1-2):61-71. [ Links ]
13. Kim C, Bullard KM, Herman WH, Beckles GL. Association between iron deficiency and A1C Levels among adults without diabetes in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2006. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(4):780-5. [ Links ]
14. Freedman BI, Shenoy RN, Planer JA, Clay KD, Shihabi ZK, Burkart JM, et al. Comparison of glycated albumin and hemoglobin A1c concentrations in diabetic subjects on peritoneal and hemodialysis. Perit Dial Int. 2010;30(1):72-9. [ Links ]
15. Sany D, Elshahawy Y, Anwar W. Glycated albumin versus glycated hemoglobin as glycemic indicator in hemodialysis patients with diabetes mellitus: variables that influence. Saudi J Kidnei Dis Transpl. 2013;24(2):260-73. [ Links ]
16. Nathan DM, McGee P, Steffes MW, Lachin JM; DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Relationship of glycated albumin to blood glucose and HbA1c values and to retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular outcomes in the DCCT/EDIC study. Diabetes. 2014;63(1):282-90. [ Links ]
17. Selvin E, Rawlings AM, Grams M, Klein R, Sharrett AR, Steffes M, et al. Fructosamine and glycated albumin for risk stratification and prediction of incident diabetes and microvascular complications: a prospective cohort analysis of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(4):279-88. [ Links ]
18. Anguizola J, Matsuda R, Barnaby OS, Hoy KS, Wa C, DeBolt E, et al. Glycation of human serum albumin. Clin Chim Acta. 2013;425:64-76. [ Links ]
19. Danese E, Montagnana M, Nouvenne A, Lippi G. Advantages and pitfalls of fructosamine and glycated albumin in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015;9(2):169-76. [ Links ]
20. Ueda Y, Matsumoto H. Recent topics in chemical and clinical research on glycated albumin. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015;9(2):177-82. [ Links ]
21. Arasteh A, Farahi S, Habibi-Rezaei M, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Glycated albumin: an overview of the In Vitro models of an In Vivo potential disease marker. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2014;13:49. [ Links ]
22. Cohen MP. Intervention strategies to prevent pathogenetic effects of glycated albumin. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2003;419(1):25-30. [ Links ]
23. Garlick RL, Mazer JS. The principal site of nonenzymatic glycosylation of human serum albumin in vivo. J Biol Chem. 1983;258:6142-6. [ Links ]
24. Kisugi R, Kouzuma T, Yamamoto T, Akizuki S, Miyamoto H, Someya Y, et al. Structural and glycation site changes of albumin in diabetic patient with very high glycated albumin. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;382(1-2):59-64. [ Links ]
25. Rondeau P, Bourdon E. The glycation of albumin: structural and functional impacts. Biochimie. 2011;93(4):645-58. [ Links ]
26. Khan MS, Tabrez S, Rabbani N, Shah A. Oxidative Stress Mediated Cytotoxicity of Glycated Albumin: Comparative Analysis of Glycation by Glucose Metabolites. J Fluoresc. 2015;25(6):1721-6. [ Links ]
27. Singh VP, Bali A, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Advanced Glycation End Products and Diabetic Complications. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2014;18(1):1-14. [ Links ]
28. Raghav A, Ahmad J. Glycated serum albumin: a potential disease marker and an intermediate index of diabetes control. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2014;8(4):245-51. [ Links ]
29. Roohk HV, Zaidi AR. A review of glycated albumin as an intermediate glycation index for controlling diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2008;2(6):1114-21. [ Links ]
30. Paroni R, Ceriotti F, Galanello R, Battista Leoni G, Panico A, Scurati E, et al. Performance characteristics and clinical utility of an enzymatic method for the measurement of glycated albumin in plasma. Clin Biochem. 2007;40(18):1398-405. [ Links ]
31. Kohzuma T, Yamamoto T, Uematsu Y, Shihabi ZK, Freedman BI. Basic Performance of an Enzymatic Method for Glycated Albumin and Reference Range Determination. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011;5(6):1455-62. [ Links ]
32. Furusyo N, Hayashi J. Glycated albumin and diabetes mellitus. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1830(12):5509-14. [ Links ]
33. Rodriguez-Capote K, Tovell K, Holmes D, Dayton J, Higgins TN. Analytical evaluation of the Diazyme glycated serum protein assay on the siemens ADVIA 1800: comparison of results against HbA1c for diagnosis and management of diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015;9(2):192-9. [ Links ]
34. Freitas PAC, Ehlert LR, Camargo JL. Comparison between two enzymatic methods for glycated albumin. Anal Methods. 2016;8:8173-8. [ Links ]
35. Montagnana M, Paleari R, Danese E, Salvagno GL, Lippi G, Guidi GC, et al. Evaluation of biological variation of glycated albumin (GA) and fructosamine in healthy subjects. Clin Chim Acta. 2013;423:1-4. [ Links ]
36. Watano T, Sasaki K, Omoto K, Kawano M. Stability of stored samples for assays of glycated albumin. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;101(1):e1-2. [ Links ]
37. Koga M. Glycated albumin; clinical usefulness. Clin Chim Acta. 2014;433:96-104. [ Links ]
38. Silva JF, Pimentel AL, Camargo JL. Effect of iron deficiency anaemia on HbA1c levels is dependent on the degree of anaemia. Clin Biochem. 2016;49(1):117-20. [ Links ]
39. Suzuki S, Koga M, Amamiya S, Nakao A, Wada K, Okuhara K, et al. Glycated albumin but not HbA1c reflects glycaemic control in patients with neonatal diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2011;54(9):2247-53. [ Links ]
40. Hashimoto K, Koga M. Indicators of glycemic control in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnant women with diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(8):1045-56. [ Links ]
41. Hashimoto K, Osugi T, Noguchi S, Morimoto Y, Wasada K, Imai S, et al. A1C but not serum glycated albumin is elevated because of iron deficiency in late pregnancy in diabetic women. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(3):509-11. [ Links ]
42. Zheng CM, Ma WY, Wu CC, Lu KC. Glycated albumin in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2012;413(19-20):1555-61. [ Links ]
43. Vos FE, Schollum JB, Walker RJ. Glycated albumin is the preferred marker for assessing glycaemic control in advanced chronic kidney disease. NDT Plus. 2011;4(6):368-75. [ Links ]
44. Harada K, Sumida K, Yamaguchi Y, Akai Y. Relationship between the accuracy of glycemic markers and the chronic kidney disease stage in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Nephrol. 2014;82(2):107-14. [ Links ]
45. Carson AP, Reynolds K, Fonseca VA, Muntner P. Comparison of A1c and fasting glucose criteria to diagnose diabetes among US adults. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(1):95-7. [ Links ]
46. Cavagnolli G, Comerlato J, Comerlato C, Renz PB, Gross JL, Camargo JL. HbA1c measurement for the diagnosis of diabetes: is it enough? Diabet Med. 2011;28(1):31-5. [ Links ]
47. Tominaga M, Makino E, Yoshino G, et al.: Report of the committee on standardization of laboratory testing related to diabetes mellitus of Japan Diabetes Society: determination of reference intervals of hemoglobin A1c (IFCC) and glycoalbumin in the Japanese population. J Japan Diab Soc. 2006;49:825-33. [ Links ]
48. Furusyo N, Koga T, Ai M, Otokozawa S, Kohzuma T, Ikezaki H, et al. Utility of glycated albumin for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in a Japanese population study: results from the Kyushu and Okinawa Population Study (KOPS). Diabetologia. 2011;54(12):3028-36. [ Links ]
49. Ikezaki H, Furusyo N, Ihara T, Hayashi T, Ura K, Hiramine S, et al. Glycated albumin as a diagnostic tool for diabetes in a general Japanese population. Metabolism. 2015;64(6):698-705. [ Links ]
50. Hwang YC, Jung CH, Ahn HY, Jeon WS, Jin SM, Woo JT, et al. Optimal glycated albumin cutoff value to diagnose diabetes in Korean adults: a retrospective study based on the oral glucose tolerance test. Clin Chim Acta. 2014;437:1-5. [ Links ]
51. Hsu P, Ai M, Kanda E, Yu NC, Chen HL, Chen HW, et al. A comparison of glycated albumin and glycosylated hemoglobin for the screening of diabetes mellitus in Taiwan. Atherosclerosis. 2015;242(1):327-33. [ Links ]
52. Sumner AE, Duong MT, Aldana PC, Ricks M, Tulloch-Reid MK, Lozier JN, et al. A1C Combined With Glycated Albumin Improves Detection of Prediabetes in Africans: The Africans in America Study. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(2):271-7. [ Links ]
53. Testa R, Ceriotti F, Guerra E, Bonfigli AR, Boemi M, Cucchi M, et al. Glycated albumin: correlation to HbA1c and preliminary reference interval evaluation. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017;55(2):e31-e33. [ Links ]
54. Chan CL, Pyle L, Kelsey M, Newnes L, Zeitler PS, Nadeau KJ. Screening for type 2 diabetes and prediabetes in obese youth: evaluating alternate markers of glycemia – 1,5-anhydroglucitol, fructosamine, and glycated albumin. Pediatric Diabetes. 2016;17(3):206-11. [ Links ]
55. Yoshiuchi K, Matsuhisa M, Katakami N, Nakatani Y, Sakamoto K, Matsuoka T, et al. Glycated albumin is a better indicator for glucose excursion than glycated hemoglobin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Endocr J. 2008;55(3):503-7. [ Links ]
56. Yoon HJ, Lee YH, Kim KJ, Kim SR, Kang ES, Cha BS, et al. Glycated Albumin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Increase Relative to HbA1c with Time. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:1-8. [ Links ]
57. Suwa T1, Ohta A, Matsui T, Koganei R, Kato H, Kawata T, et al. Relationship between clinical markers of glycemia and glucose excursion evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Endocr J. 2010;57(2):135-40. [ Links ]
58. Yoon HJ, Lee YH, Kim SR, Rim TH, Lee EY, Kang ES, et al. Glycated albumin and the risk of micro- and macrovascular complications in subjects with Type 1 Diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2015;14:53. [ Links ]
59. Selvin E, Rawlings AM, Lutsey PL, Maruthur N, Pankow JS, Steffes M, et al. Fructosamine and Glycated Albumin and the Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes and Death. Circulation. 2015;132(4):269-77. [ Links ]
60. Bhonsle HS, Korwar AM, Kote SS, Golegaonkar SB, Chougale AD, Shaik ML, et al. Low plasma albumin levels are associated with increased plasma protein glycation and HbA1c in diabetes. J Proteome Res. 2012;11(2):1391-6. [ Links ]