Volume : 08, Issue : 05, May – 2021

Title:

35.AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HYPERURICEMIA AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK: A FOCUSED REVIEW

Authors :

Sabah Salik, Asma Anwar, Misbah Siddique

Abstract :

As the prevalence of hyperuricemia (elevated uric acid levels in the blood) increases, the relationship between serum uric acid levels and cardiovascular risk has garnered increased interest. Several studies have highlighted that elevated uric acid levels are likely tied to increased cardiovascular disease risk. Specifically, the presence of hyperuricemia is well-established to contribute to the onset of gout (an inflammatory condition characterized by painful/swollen joints). Several studies have shown that the risk of developing gout is strongly associated with the degree of hyperuricemia. In this review, we will provide insight into the association between gout and cardiovascular disease risk. It is also essential to gain insight into the pathophysiology of gout to understand the contributions to cardiovascular disease risk and improve diagnosis and target treatment more effectively. An interdisciplinary approach for gout management and areas for further investigation will be discussed in this review.

Cite This Article:

Please cite this article in press Sabah Salik et al., An Association Between Hyperuricemia And Cardiovascular Risk: A Focused Review.., Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2021; 08(05).

Number of Downloads : 10

References:

1. Ragab G, Elshahaly M, Bardin T: Gout: an old disease in new perspective – a review. J Adv Res. 2017, 8:495-511.
2. Singh G, Lingala B, Mithal A: Gout and hyperuricaemia in the USA: prevalence and trends. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019, 58:2177-2180.
3. Grassi D, Ferri L, Desideri G, et al.: Chronic hyperuricemia, uric acid deposit and cardiovascular risk. Curr Pharm Des. 2013, 19:2432-2438.
4. Muiesan ML, Agabiti-Rosei C, Paini A, Salvetti M: Uric acid and cardiovascular disease: an update. Eur Cardiol. 2016, 11:54-59.
5. Sattui SE, Gaffo AL: Treatment of hyperuricemia in gout: current therapeutic options, latest developments and clinical implications. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2016, 8:145-159.
6. Hayden MR, Tyagi SC: Uric acid: a new look at an old risk marker for cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the urate redox shuttle. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004, 1:10.
7. Kuwabara M: Hyperuricemia, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. Pulse (Basel). 2016, 3:242-252.
8. Bos MJ, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Breteler MM: Uric acid is a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke: the Rotterdam study. Stroke. 2006, 37:1503-1507.
9. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Reboldi G, Santeusanio F, Porcellati C, Brunetti P: Relation between serum uric acid and risk of cardiovascular disease in essential hypertension: the PIUMA study. Hypertension. 2000, 36:1072-1078.
10. Jossa F, Farinaro E, Panico S, et al.: Serum uric acid and hypertension: the Olivetti heart study. J Hum Hypertens. 1994, 8:677-681.
11. Grayson PC, Kim SY, LaValley M, Choi HK: Hyperuricemia and incident hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011, 63:102-110.
12. Kuwabara M, Niwa K, Nishi Y, et al.: Relationship between serum uric acid levels and hypertension among Japanese individuals not treated for hyperuricemia and hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2014, 37:785-789.
13. Feig DI, Kang DH, Johnson RJ: Uric acid and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2008, 359:1811-1821.
14. Mazzali M, Hughes J, Kim YG, et al.: Elevated uric acid increases blood pressure in the rat by a novel crystal-independent mechanism. Hypertension. 2001, 38:1101-1106.
15. Krishnan E, Pandya BJ, Chung L, Dabbous O: Hyperuricemia and the risk for subclinical coronary atherosclerosis–data from a prospective observational cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011, 13:66.
16. Kanbay M, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Franco M, et al.: Microvascular disease and its role in the brain and cardiovascular system: a potential role for uric acid as a cardiorenal toxin. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011, 26:430-437.
17. Li Q, Zhou Y, Dong K, et al.: The association between serum uric acid levels and the prevalence of vulnerable atherosclerotic carotid plaque: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2015, 5:10003.
18. Singh JA: When gout goes to the heart: does gout equal a cardiovascular disease risk factor?. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015, 74:631-634.
19. Billiet L, Doaty S, Katz JD, Velasquez MT: Review of hyperuricemia as new marker for metabolic syndrome. ISRN Rheumatol. 2014, 2014:852954.
20. Kanellis J, Watanabe S, Li JH, et al.: Uric acid stimulates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in vascular smooth muscle cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase and cyclooxygenase-2. Hypertension. 2003, 41:1287-1293.
21. Givertz MM: Treating gout in patients with cardiovascular disease: mutual benefit or unintended consequences?. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018, 71:1005-1008.
22. Bhole V, Krishnan E: Gout and the heart. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2014, 40:125-143.
23. Ruocco G, Palazzuoli A: Hyperuricemia in US population with heart failure: causal or incidental bystander?. Cardiorenal Med. 2019, 9:341-334.
24. Thanassoulis G, Brophy JM, Richard H, Pilote L: Gout, allopurinol use, and heart failure outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 2010, 170:1358-1364.
25. Bredemeier M, Lopes LM, Eisenreich MA, et al.: Xanthine oxidase inhibitors for prevention of cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2018, 18:24.
26. Sezai A, Soma M, Nakata K, et al.: Comparison of febuxostat and allopurinol for hyperuricemia in cardiac surgery patients with chronic kidney disease (NU-FLASH trial for CKD). J Cardiol. 2015, 66:298-303.
27. Cleophas MC, Joosten LA, Stamp LK, Dalbeth N, Woodward OM, Merriman TR: ABCG2 polymorphisms in gout: insights into disease susceptibility and treatment approaches. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2017, 10:129-142.
28. Kingsbury SR, Conaghan PG, McDermott MF: The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in gout. J Inflamm Res. 2011, 4:39-44.
29. Doherty M, Dalbeth N, Bijlsma H, Arden N, Dalbeth N: Oxford Textbook of Osteoarthritis and Crystal Arthropathy. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK; 2016.
30. Underwood M: Diagnosis and management of gout. BMJ. 2006, 332:1315-1319.
31. Schlesinger N, Thiele RG: The pathogenesis of bone erosions in gouty arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010, 69:1907-1912.
32. Fields TR, Rifaat A, Yee AMF, et al.: Pilot study of a multidisciplinary gout patient education and monitoring program. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017, 46:601-608.
33. Dalbeth N, Lauterio TJ, Wolfe HR: Mechanism of action of colchicine in the treatment of gout. Clin Ther. 2014, 36:1465-1479.
34. Demidowich AP, Davis AI, Dedhia N, Yanovski JA: Colchicine to decrease NLRP3-activated inflammation and improve obesity-related metabolic dysregulation. Med Hypotheses. 2016, 92:67-73.
35. Hansildaar R, Vedder D, Baniaamam M, Tausche AK, Gerritsen M, Nurmohamed MT: Cardiovascular risk in inflammatory arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis and gout. Lancet Rheumatol. 2021, 3:58-70.
36. Kajikawa M, Higashi Y, Tomiyama H, et al.: Effect of short-term colchicine treatment on endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol. 2019, 281:35-39.
37. Bardin T: Canakinumab for the patient with difficult-to-treat gouty arthritis: review of the clinical evidence. Joint Bone Spine. 2015, 82:9-16.
38. Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, et al.: Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N Engl J Med. 2017, 377:1119-1131.