Volume : 09, Issue : 04, April – 2022

Title:

23.PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TARGETTING INFLAMMATORY PATHWAY OF CARDIOVASCULAR COMORBIDITIES
‏‬

Authors :

H. Ganesh

Abstract :

Cardiovascular event is the general term used to indicate numerous heart diseases which are related to fat deposition and arthrosclerosis which accounts for higher mortality rates. Co-occurrence of obesity, hyperglycemia and cardiovascular disease is the major health concern resulting in increased mortality. It is well known that obesity leads to cardiovascular mortality independent of other factors. Obesity activates JNK pathway through inflammatory response which is the hallmark of insulin resistance. Hyperglycemia and obesity promotes systemic inflammation. Inflammatory response remains the key factor for initiation and progression of cardiovascular disease and co morbid conditions. Hence focusing on the inflammatory mediator pathway will guide in individualizing therapeutic regimen to alleviate the disease. Existing hyperlipidiemic drugs HMG CoA Reductase inhibitors, Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and Fibrates, Cholesterol absorption inhibitors and synthetic hypoglycemic agents GLP-1 agonist, Biguanide, DPP-4 inhibitors are focused in management because of their anti-inflammatory and insulin sensitizing mechanism which has positive impact on patient’s life.
Keywords: Arthrosclerosis, Cardiovascular disease, Inflammation, Insulin resistance, Obesity.

Cite This Article:

Please cite this article in press H. Ganesh, Pharmacological Approaches Targetting Inflammatory Pathway Of Cardiovascular Comorbidities., Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2022; 09(04).,

Number of Downloads : 10

References:

1. JaspinderKaur.A Comprehensive Review on Insulin resistance syndrome. Cardiology Research Practice, 2014; 2014: 943162. DOI: 10.1155/2014/943162; PMID: 24711954.
2. Milton Packer. Epicardial Adipose Tissue May Mediate Deleterious Effects of Obesity and Inflammation on the Myocardium. Journal of American College of Cardiology, 2018;71(20):2360-2372. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.509; PMID: 29773163.
3. Valeska Ormazabal, Soumyalekshmi Nair, Omar Elfeky, Claudio Aguayo, Carlos Salomon, Felipe A Zuniga. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 2018; Article number: 122.
4. Luma Akil, H. Anwar Ahmad. Relationships between Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases in Four Southern States and Colorado. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2011; 22(4): 61–72. DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2011.0166. PMID: 22102306.
5. Marc Thiriet. Cardiovascular Disease: An Introduction. Vasculopathies, 2018; 8: 1–90. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89315-0 1.
6. World Health Organization. Heath topics: Cardiovascular diseases,2021.
7. Meenu Rohini Rajan ,Siri Fagerholm ,Cecilia Jonsson, Preben Kjolhede, Maria V. Turkina, Peter Stralfors . Phosphorylation of IRS1 at Serine 307 in Response to Insulin in Human Adipocytes Is Not Likely to be Catalyzed by p70 Ribosomal S6 Kinase. PLUS ONE, 2013. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059725.
8. Gautam K. Bandyopadhyay,Joseph G. Yu, JachelleOfrecio and Jerold M. Olefsky. Increased p85/55/50 Expression and Decreased Phosphotidylinositol 3-Kinase Activity in Insulin-Resistant Human Skeletal Muscle.Diabetes, 2005; 54(8): 2351-2359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.54.8.2351
9. Boris Draznin.Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance: Serine Phosphorylation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 and Increased Expression of p85α. Diabetes, 2006; 55(8): 2392-2397. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2337/db06-0391
10. SuganyaKanmani, Minji Kwon, Moon-Kyung Shin. Association of C-Reactive Protein with Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Role of Obesity and Hypertension: A Large Population-Based Korean Cohort Study. Nature- Scientific reports, March 2019
11. Ying-yi Luanand Yong-ming Yao. The Clinical Significance and Potential Role of C-Reactive Protein in Chronic Inflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases.Frontaries Immunology, 2018. DOI: https://DOI.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01302
12. JellaRamdas, VasanthaJella. Elevated C reactive protein levels in obese individuals with metabolic syndromes. International Journal of Advances in Medicine, 2016; 3(2). DOI: http://dx.DOI.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20160909
13. Amit Kumar Shrivastava, ArunRaizada, Sanjeev Kumar Singh. C reactive protein, inflammation and coronary artery disease. The Egyptian Heart Journal, 2015; 67(2);89-97
14. PengliBao, Geli Liu and Ying Wei. Association between IL-6 and related risk factors of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in young rats. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 2015; 8(8): 13491–13499
15. Bente K. Pedersen, Mark A. Febbraio. Interleukin-6 does/does not have a beneficial role in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2007;102: 814 – 819. DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.01208.2006
16. Esposito K, Nappo F, Marfella R, Giugliano G, Giugliano F, Ciotola M, Quagliaro L, Ceriello A, Giugliano D. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress. Circulation, 2002 : 2067–2072
17. Joseph Hung, Brendan M. McQuillan, Caroline M. L. Chapman, Peter L. Thompsonand John P. Beilby. Elevated Interleukin-18 Levels Are Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome Independent of Obesity and Insulin Resistance; Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2005 ;25:1268–1273https://DOI.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000163843.70369.12
18. Liang Sun, Frank B. Hu, Zhijie Yu, Huaixing Li, Huaiyu Liu, Xiangdong Wang. Lean Body Mass, Interleukin 18, and Metabolic Syndrome in Apparently Healthy Chinese. PLOS ONE publications, 2011. DOI:https://DOI.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018104
19. Julie Rask Larsen, LorinaDima. The pharmacological management of Insulin resistance syndrome. Expert review of clinical pharmacology, 2018; 11(4).
20. Christian Ott, Roland E Schmieder. The role of statins in the treatment of the Insulin resistance syndrome; Current Hypertension Reports, 2009;11(2):143-9. DOI: 10.1007/s11906-009-0025-6; PMID: 19278604.
21. Jean Davignon. Beneficial Cardiovascular Pleiotropic Effects of Statins. Circulation, 2004;109:III-39–III-43. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000131517.20177.5a; PMID: 15198965.
22. Borghi C, Dormi A, Veronesi M, Sangiorgi Z, Gaddi A. Association between different lipid-lowering treatment strategies and blood pressure control in the Brisighella Heart Study. American Heart Journa,l 2004;148:285–92. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.02.00; PMID: 15308998.
23. Ridker PM, Macfayden J, Cressman M, Glynn RJ. Efficacy of Rosuvastatin among men and women with moderate CKD and elevated hsCRP. Journal of American College of Cardiology, 2010;55:1266–73. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.020; PMID: 20206456.
24. SrideviDevaraj, David Siegel, IshwarlalJialal. Statin Therapy in Insulin resistance syndrome and Hypertension Post-JUPITER: What is the Value of CRP? Current Atherosclerotic Report, 2011; 13(1): 31–42. DOI: 10.1007/s11883-010-0143-2; PMID: 21046291.
25. Ahai Luvai, Wycliffe Mbagaya, Alistair S. Hall, Julian H. Barth. Rosuvastatin: A Review of the Pharmacology and Clinical Effectiveness in Cardiovascular Disease. Clinical Medical Insights Cardiology, 2012; 6: 17–33. DOI: 10.4137/CMC.S4324; PMID: 22442638.
26. T. BineshMarvasti and Kh. Adeli. Pharmacological management of Insulin resistance syndrome and its lipid complications. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 2010; 18(3): 146–154. PMID: 22615610.
27. Hanh Duong, Tushar Bajaj. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; March 2021
28. Yi-Cong Ye, Xi-Liang Zhao, Shu-Yang Zhang. Use of Atorvastatin in Lipid Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease in Chinese Patients. Chinese Medical Journal, 2015; 128(2): 259–266. DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.149226; PMID: 25591572.
29. Bart Staels. PPAR Agonists and the Insulin resistance syndrome. Therapies, 2007;62(4):319-326. DOI: 10.2515/therapie:2007051; PMID: 17983557.
30. Alexander Tenenbaum, Enrique Z Fisman. Which is the best lipid-modifying strategy in Insulin resistance syndrome and diabetes: fibrates, statins or both? BMC:Cardiovascular Diabetology, 2004; 3(10).
31. Ghassan F. Shattat. A Review Article on Hyperlipidemia: Types, Treatments and New Drug Targets. Biomedical and Pharmacological Journal, 2014;7(2). DOI : 10.13005/bpj/504.
32. Mollie A Jay, Jun Ren. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current Diabetes Review, 2007; 3(1): 33-9. DOI: 10.2174/157339907779802067. PMID: 18220654.
33. Kate E Shipman, Richard C Strange, SudarshanRamachandran. Use of fibrates in the Insulin resistance syndrome: A review. World Journal of Diabetes, 2016; 7(5): 74–88. DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i5.74; PMID: 26981181.
34. Aldi T. Kraja,Michael A. Province, Robert J. Straka, Jose M. Ordovas, Ingrid B. Borecki, Donna K. Arnett. Fenofibrate and Insulin resistance syndrome. Endocrine Metabolic and Immune Disorder Drug Targets 2010; 10(2): 138–148.
35. Mayssam A Nehmeand, AshishUpadhyay. Ezetimibe in the Treatment of Patients with Insulin resistance syndromes. European Endocrinology, 2013; 9(1): 55–60. DOI: 10.17925/EE.2013.09.01.55; PMID: 30349611.
36. Eleni Xourgia, Eleni-Margarita Tzouganatou, AthanasiaPapazafeiropoulou, Andreas Melidonis. Anti-inflammatory properties of antidiabetic agents. World Journal of Meta-Analysis, 2019; 7(4): 129-141. DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v7.i4.129.
37. Stanley S Wang. Insulin resistance syndrome Medication; Medscape-cardiology. Updated March 30,2020.
38. Graham Rena, D. Grahame Hardie, Ewan R. Pearson. The mechanisms of action of metformin. Diabetologia, 2017; 60(9): 1577–1585. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4342-z; PMID: 28776086.
39. Giuseppe Derosa , Arrigo F G Cicero, Ivano G Franzetti, FabrizioQuerci, Anna Carbone, LeonardinaCiccarelli, Angela D’Angelo, Elena Fogari, Pamela Maffioli. Effects of exenatide and metformin in combination on some adipocytokine levels: a comparison with metformin monotherapy. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology,2013;91(9):724-32. DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0300; PMID: 23984793.
40. Urmila Anil Kagal, NetravathiBasavarajAngadi, SomnathMallikarjunMatule. Effect of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors on acute and subacute models of inflammation in male Wistar rats: An experimental study. International Journal of Appleied Basic Medical Research, 2017; 7(1): 26–31. DOI: 10.4103/2229-516X.198516; PMID: 28251104.
41. Howa Yeung, Junko Takeshita, Nehal N Mehta, Stephen E Kimmel, Alexis Ogdie, David J Margolis, Daniel B Shin, Rosemary Attor, Andrea B Troxel, Joel M Gelfand. Psoriasis severity and the prevalence of major medical comorbidity: a population-based study. JAMA Dermatology, 2013; 149(10): 1173-9. DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.5015. PMID: 23925466.
42. Filip Petkovic, Bernardo Castellano. The role of interleukin-6 in central nervous system demyelination. Neural Regeneration Research, 2016; 11(12): 1922–1923. DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.195273. PMID: 28197184.