Volume : 09, Issue : 01, January – 2022

Title:

36.A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CES DEVICE AND DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS

Authors :

Ms. Shital Torkadi*, Dr. Smita Takarkhede, Deepak Shukla, Priti Singh, Shrushti Shirke, Samarth Singh

Abstract :

Brain is being the delicate organ, which are responsible for whole functioning of the body. But due to various mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia etc., it might be difficult for the brain to function properly. Various factors lead to such health issues, which need to resolve and took proper care. The review is a comparative study made between CES (Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation) device and drugs used for such disorders and illness. The review gives a clear idea among CES and drugs, which one is more effective or are both helpful for treatment of such illness. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved method for the treatment of depression, insomnia, and anxiety which consist of pulsed, low-intensity current that are applied to the earlobes or scalp. In spite of observational proof of clinical adequacy, its system of activity is to a great extent unknown. CES is known as a comparing and powerful treatment of various mind dysfunctions yet has its own specific benefits and hindrances, but might be effective if commonly known drugs are unable to cure the disorders. The drugs which are commonly used and studied are Benzodiazepines for insomnia, Doxepine for anxiety and Alprazolam for depression.
Keywords: CES, anxiety, depression, insomnia.

Cite This Article:

Please cite this article in press Shital Torkadi et al, A Comparative Study On CEs Device And Drugs For The Treatment Of Mental Disorders., Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2022; 09(01).

Number of Downloads : 10

References:

[1] Share of the U.S. population with anxiety 2017. Statista n.d. https://www.statista.com/statistics/979919/percentage-of-people-with-anxiety-us/ (accessed January 18, 2022).
[2] Share of the U.S. population with depression 2017. Statista n.d. https://www.statista.com/statistics/979880/percentage-of-people-with-depression-us/ (accessed January 18, 2022).
[3] Infographic: Pandemic Causes Spike in Anxiety & Depression. Stat Infographics n.d. https://www.statista.com/chart/21878/impact-of-coronavirus-pandemic-on-mental-health/ (accessed January 18, 2022).
[4] Feusner JD, Madsen S, Moody TD, Bohon C, Hembacher E, Bookheimer SY, et al. Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on resting state brain activity. Brain Behav 2012;2:211. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.45.
[5] Brunyé TT, Patterson JE, Wooten T, Hussey EK. A Critical Review of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation for Neuromodulation in Clinical and Non-clinical Samples. Front Hum Neurosci 2021;15.
[6] Guleyupoglu B. A Comprehensive View of Electrosleep: The History, Finite Element Models and Future Directions n.d.:70.
[7] Kirsch DL, Price LR, Nichols F, Marksberry JA, Platoni KT. Military service member and veteran self reports of efficacy of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, insomnia, and depression. US Army Med Dep J 2014:46–54.
[8] Gilula MF, Kirsch DL. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Review: A Safer Alternative to Psychopharmaceuticals in the Treatment of Depression. J Neurother 2005;9:7–26. https://doi.org/10.1300/J184v09n02_02.
[9] Yakov N. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) in Neuropsychiatry: Definition & Insights from Electric Learning Paradigms’ n.d.
[10] Ling L, Jun H. A Comparative Study of Anxiety Disorders Treatment with Paroxetine Associated with Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Therapy 2016. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Comparative-Study-of-Anxiety-Disorders-Treatment-Ling-Jun/da3d121a96b26d6754af8c7e9758aa76970d83a1 (accessed January 17, 2022).
[11] Barclay TH, Barclay RD. A clinical trial of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for anxiety and comorbid depression. J Affect Disord 2014;164:171–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.029.
[12] Beck AT, Steer RA, Carbin MG. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev 1988;8:77–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5.
[13] Lande RG, Gragnani C. Efficacy of cranial electric stimulation for the treatment of insomnia: A randomized pilot study. Complement Ther Med 2013;21:8–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2012.11.007.
[14] Shekelle P, Cook I, Miake-Lye IM, Mak S, Booth MS, Shanman R, et al. The Effectiveness and Risks of Cranial Electrical Stimulation for the Treatment of Pain, Depression, Anxiety, PTSD, and Insomnia: A Systematic Review. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs (US); 2018.
[15] Krause B, Kadosh RC. Can transcranial electrical stimulation improve learning difficulties in atypical brain development? A future possibility for cognitive training. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2013;6:176–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2013.04.001.
[16] Lee IH, Seo EJ, Lim IS. Effects of aquatic exercise and CES treatment on the changes of cognitive function, BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF of persons with intellectual disabilities. J Exerc Nutr Biochem 2014;18:19–24. https://doi.org/10.5717/jenb.2014.18.1.19.
[17] Yakov N. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) in Neuropsychiatry: Definition & Insights from Electric Learning Paradigms’ n.d.
[18] alprazolam | Description, Uses, & Side Effects | Britannica n.d. https://www.britannica.com/science/alprazolam (accessed January 17, 2022).
[19] Ait-Daoud N, Hamby AS, Sharma S, Blevins D. A Review of Alprazolam Use, Misuse, and Withdrawal. J Addict Med 2018;12:4. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000350.
[20] Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB. The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology. American Psychiatric Pub; 2017.
[21] Alprazolam: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects. DrugsCom n.d. https://www.drugs.com/alprazolam.html (accessed January 17, 2022).
[22] Niravam (Alprazolam): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning. RxList n.d. https://www.rxlist.com/niravam-drug.htm (accessed January 17, 2022).
[23] Scott S, Aricescu AR. A structural perspective on GABAA receptor pharmacology. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019;54:189–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.023.
[24] Olsen RW. GABAA receptor: Positive and negative allosteric modulators. Neuropharmacology 2018;136:10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.036.
[25] Sigel E, Ernst M. The Benzodiazepine Binding Sites of GABAA Receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018;39:659–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2018.03.006.
[26] George TT, Tripp J. Alprazolam. StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
[27] Patterson E, MSCP, NCC, July 16 Lpcl updated on, 2021. Alprazolam Effects | Short Term, Long Term & Side Effects. DrugAbuseCom n.d. https://drugabuse.com/benzodiazepines/xanax/effects-alprazolam-use/ (accessed January 17, 2022).
[28] Alprazolam Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing – WebMD n.d. https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8171-367/alprazolam-oral/alprazolam-extended-release-oral/details (accessed January 17, 2022).
[29] Marsh W. Doxepin. In: Enna SJ, Bylund DB, editors. XPharm Compr. Pharmacol. Ref., New York: Elsevier; 2007, p. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008055232-3.61649-6.
[30] Almasi A, Meza CE. Doxepin. StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
[31] Wu J, Chang F, Zu H. Efficacy and safety evaluation of citalopram and doxepin on sleep quality in comorbid insomnia and anxiety disorders. Exp Ther Med 2015;10:1303–8. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2686.
[32] Kouwenhoven TA, van de Kerkhof PCM, Kamsteeg M. Use of oral antidepressants in patients with chronic pruritus: A systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017;77:1068-1073.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.08.025.
[33] Wörz R, Berlin J. [Treatment of chronic pain syndromes with antidepressants.]. Schmerz Berl Ger 1989;3:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02527466.
[34] Casale R, Symeonidou Z, Bartolo M. Topical Treatments for Localized Neuropathic Pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2017;21:15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-017-0615-y.
[35] Eschler DC, Klein PA. An evidence-based review of the efficacy of topical antihistamines in the relief of pruritus. J Drugs Dermatol JDD 2010;9:992–7.
[36] Sinequan (Doxepin): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning. RxList n.d. https://www.rxlist.com/sinequan-drug.htm (accessed January 18, 2022).
[37] Feighner JP. Mechanism of action of antidepressant medications. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60 Suppl 4:4–11; discussion 12-13.
[38] Kołodziej M, Majewska M, Krajewska A, Szponar J. [Prolonged toxic coma and anisocoria secondary to doxepin, lorazepam and phenobarbital poisoning–case study]. Przegl Lek 2012;69:624–6.
[39] Vande Griend JP, Anderson SL. Histamine-1 receptor antagonism for treatment of insomnia. J Am Pharm Assoc JAPhA 2012;52:e210-219. https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2012.12051.
[40] Yeung W-F, Chung K-F, Yung K-P, Ng TH-Y. Doxepin for insomnia: a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev 2015;19:75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.06.001.
[41] Feighner J, Hendrickson G, Miller L, Stern W. Double-blind comparison of doxepin versus bupropion in outpatients with a major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1986;6:27–32.
[42] Feighner JP, Cohn JB. Double-blind comparative trials of fluoxetine and doxepin in geriatric patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1985;46:20–5.
[43] Baker B, Dorian P, Sandor P, Shapiro C, Schell C, Mitchell J, et al. Electrocardiographic effects of fluoxetine and doxepin in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;17:15–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199702000-00004.
[44] admin. Introduction to Benzodiazepines. PsychDB 2017. https://www.psychdb.com/meds/benzos/home (accessed January 18, 2022).
[45] Ashton H. The diagnosis and management of benzodiazepine dependence. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2005;18:249–55. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.yco.0000165594.60434.84.
[46] Abuse NI on D. Research suggests benzodiazepine use is high while use disorder rates are low. Natl Inst Drug Abuse 2018. https://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/science-highlight/research-suggests-benzodiazepine-use-high-while-use-disorder-rates-are-low (accessed January 18, 2022).
[47] Bermak J, Johnstone T, Gee K. Benzodiazepines. In: Fink G, editor. Encycl. Stress Second Ed., New York: Academic Press; 2007, p. 310–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373947-6.00422-0.
[48] benzodiazepine | drug | Britannica n.d. https://www.britannica.com/science/benzodiazepine (accessed January 18, 2022).
[49] Morin CM, Benca RM. Chapter 45 – Insomnia: nature, diagnosis, and treatment. In: Montagna P, Chokroverty S, editors. Handb. Clin. Neurol., vol. 99, Elsevier; 2011, p. 723–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52007-4.00004-7.
[50] Mechanism of Action. Benzodiazepine Inf Coalit n.d. https://www.benzoinfo.com/mechanism-of-action/ (accessed January 18, 2022).
[51] Charles E. Griffin III. Benzodiazepine Pharmacology and Central Nervous System–Mediated Effects. Ochsner J 2013;13:214.
[52] Fox C, Liu H, Kaye AD, Manchikanti L, Trescot AM, Christo PJ. Clinical aspects of pain medicine and interventional pain management: a comprehensive review. Paducah KY ASIP Publ Antianxiety Agents 2011:543–52.
[53] Sagar R, Dandona R, Gururaj G, Dhaliwal RS, Singh A, Ferrari A, et al. The burden of mental disorders across the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2017. Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7:148–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30475-4.