Volume : 09, Issue : 05, May – 2022

Title:

17.NOVEL CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF INSECTICIDES SELF POISONING

Authors :

Hardik Soni, Durgesh Pandey, Hariom Patel, Mr. Arpit Shrivastava*

Abstract :

Self-poisoning from organophosphorus insecticides is a huge global health issue that kills over 100,000 people each year. It’s a multi-organ disorder including the inhibition of cholinesterases and maybe other enzymes, as well as the effects of ingested solvents in excessive concentrations. Variability in lipophilicity, speed of activation, speed and effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and chemical groups connected to the phosphorus leads in varying poisoning onset, severity, clinical toxidrome, and case fatality among organophosphorus insecticides. The current treatment is only somewhat effective, focusing on reactivating acetylcholinesterase and counteracting the effects of too much acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors. Rapid titration of atropine during resuscitation can save lives and can be done without oxygen. The therapeutic role of oximes is unknown. Small trials of novel antidotes have been conducted, but the wide range of poisoning makes interpretation challenging. To test therapies in suitably powered research, more work is required.
Key words: Toxicology, Pharmacology, Insecticides self poisoning, Review

Cite This Article:

Please cite this article in press Arpit Shrivastava et al,Novel Clinical Toxicology And Pharmacology Of Insecticides Self Poisoning.,Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2022; 09(5).,

Number of Downloads : 10

References:

1. Casida JE, Quistad GB. 2005. Golden age of insecticide research: past, present, or future? Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43:1–16
2. Gunnell D, Fernando R, Hewagama M, Priyangika WDD, Konradsen F, Eddleston M. 2007. The impact of pesticide regulations on suicide in Sri Lanka. Int. J. Epidemiol. 36:1235–42
3. Gunnell D, Knipe D, Chang SS, Pearson M, Konradsen F, et al. 2017. Prevention of suicide with regulations aimed at restricting access to highly hazardous pesticides: a systematic review of the international evidence. Lancet Global Health 5:e1026–37
4. Buckley NA, Karalliedde L, Dawson A, Senanayake N, Eddleston M. 2004. Where is the evidence for the management of pesticide poisoning? Is clinical toxicology fiddling while the developing world burns? J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 42:113–16
5. Peter JV, Sudarsan TI, Moran JL. 2014. Clinical features of organophosphate poisoning: a review of different classification systems and approaches. Indian J. Crit. Care Med. 18:735–45
6. Park JH, Shin SD, Song KJ, Park CB, Ro YS, Kwak YH. 2012. Epidemiology and outcomes of poisoninginduced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 83:51–57
7. Aardema H, Meertens JH, Ligtenberg JJ, Peters-Polman OM, Tulleken JE, Zijlstra JG. 2008. Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning: cases and developments. Neth. J. Med. 66:149–53
8. Wadia RS, Sadagopan C, Amin RB, Sardesai HV. 1974. Neurological manifestations of organophosphate insecticide poisoning. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 37:841–47
9. Senanayake N, Karalliedde L. 1987. Neurotoxic effects of organophosphate insecticides: an intermediate syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 316:761–63
10. Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Sheriff MHR, Buckley NA. 2008. Predicting outcome using butyrylcholinesterase activity in organophosphorus pesticide self-poisoning. QJM 101:467–74
11. Casida JE, Quistad GB. 2005. Serine hydrolase targets of organophosphorus toxicants. Chem. Biol. Interact. 157–158:277–83
12. Quistad GB, Klintenberg R, Caboni P, Liang SN, Casida JE. 2006. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition by organophosphorus compounds leads to elevation of brain 2-arachidonoylglycerol and the associated hypomotility in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 211:78–83.
13. Davies JE. Changing profile of pesticide poisoning. New England Journal of Medicine 1987; 316: 807-808
14. Maroni M. Review of toxicological properties and biotransformation of organophosphorus esters. In: WHO Manual of Analytical Methods. Cremona: WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health, 1985; 3-39
15. Johnson MK. A phosphorylation site in brain and the delayed neurotoxic effect of some organophosphorus compounds. Biochemical Journal 1969; 111: 487^95.
16. Johnson MK. The delayed neurotoxic effect of some organophosphorus compounds: Identification of the phosphorylation site as an esterase. Biochemical Journal 1969; 114: 711-717.
17. Johnson MK. The delayed neuropathy caused by some organophosphorus esters: mechanism and challenge. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 1975; 3: 289-316.
18. Johnson MK. The target for initiation of delayed neurotoxicity by organophosphorus esters: biochemical studies and toxicological applications. Reviews in Biochemical Toxicology 1982; 4: 141.
19. Johnson MK, Lauwerys R. Protection by some carbamates against the delayed neurotoxic effects of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate. Nature (London) 1969; 222: 1066-1067.
20. Hayes WJ jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1982; 284-113.
21. Salpeter MM, Kasprzak H, Feng H, Fertuck H. Endplates after esterase inactivation in vivo: correlation between esterase concentration, functional response and fine structure. Journal of Neurocytology 1979; 8: 95-115
22. Senanayake N, Karalliedde L. Neurotoxic effects of organophosphorus insecticides: an intermediate syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 1987; 316: 761-763.
23. Karalliedde L, Senanayake N, Ariaratnam A. Acute organophosphorus insecticide poisoning during pregnancy. Human Toxicology 1988; 7: 363-36.
24. Smith HV, Spalding JMK. Outbreak of paralysis in Morocco due to ortho-cresyl phosphate poisoning. Lancet 1959;2: 1019-1021.
25. WHO/ILO/UNEP, Environmental Health Criteria-63. Organophosphorus Insecticides: A General Introduction. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) 1986, 17-111.
26. Minton NA, Murray VSG. A review of organophosphate poisoning. Medical Toxicology 1988; 3: 350-375

27. Eddleston M, Buckley NA, Eyer P, Dawson AH. 2008. Medical management of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Lancet 371:597–607
28. Davies JE, Barquet A, Freed VH, Haque R, Morgade C, et al. 1975. Human pesticide poisonings by a fat soluble organophosphate pesticide. Arch. Environ. Health 30:608–13
29. Lee DH, Jung KY, Choi YH, Cheon YJ. 2014. Body mass index as a prognostic factor in organophosphate-poisoned patients. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 32:693–
30. Eyer F, Meischner V, Kiderlen D, Thiermann H, Worek F, et al. 2003. Human parathion poisoning. A toxicokinetic analysis. Toxicol. Rev. 22:143–63
31. Eyer P. 2003. The role of oximes in the management of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Toxicol. Rev. 22:165–90
32. Eddleston M, Worek F, Eyer P, Thiermann H, von Meyer L, et al. 2009. Poisoning with the S-alkyl organophosphorus insecticides profenofos and prothiofos. QJM 102:785–92
33. Eddleston M, Dawson A, Karalliedde L, Dissanayake W, Hittarage A, et al. 2004. Early management after self-poisoning with an organophosphorus or carbamate pesticide—a treatment protocol for junior doctors. Crit. Care 8:R391–97
34. Durham WF, Hayes WJ Jr. 1962. Organic phosphorus poisoning and its therapy. With special reference to modes of action and compounds that reactivate inhibited cholinesterase. Arch. Environ. Health 5:21–47
35. Perera PM, Shahmy S, Gawarammana I, Dawson AH. 2008. Comparison of two commonly practiced atropinization regimens in acute organophosphorus and carbamate poisoning, doubling doses vs. ad hoc: a prospective observational study. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 27:513–18
36. Konickx LA, Bingham K, Eddleston M. 2014. Is oxygen required before atropine administration in organophosphorus or carbamate pesticide poisoning?—A cohort study. Clin. Toxicol. 52:531–37
37. Worek F, Backer M, Thiermann H, Szinicz L, Mast U, et al. 1997. Reappraisal of indications and limitations of oxime therapy in organophosphate poisoning. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 16:466–72
38. Worek F, Thiermann H, Wille T. 2016. Oximes in organophosphate poisoning: 60 years of hope and despair. Chem. Biol. Interact. 259:93–98
39. Panda M, Hutin YJ, Ramachandran V, Murhekar M. 2009. A fatal waterborne outbreak of pesticide poisoning caused by damaged pipelines, Sindhikela, Bolangir, Orissa, India, 2008. J. Toxicol. 2009:692496
40. Peter JV, Moran JL, Pichamuthu K, Chacko B. 2008. Adjuncts and alternatives to oxime therapy in organophosphate poisoning—is there evidence of benefit in human poisoning? A review. Anaesth. Intensive Care 36:339–50
41. Choudhary S, Gill KD. 2001. Protective effect of nimodipine on dichlorvos-induced delayed neurotoxicity in rat brain. Biochem. Pharmacol. 62:1265–72
42. 106. Brvar M, Chan MY, Dawson AH, Ribchester RR, Eddleston M. 2018. Magnesium and calcium channel blocking drugs as antidotes for acute organophosphorus insecticide poisoning—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Toxicol. 56:725–36
43. Roberts D, Buckley NA. 2005. Alkalinisation for organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005(1):CD004897
44. Morina P, Herrera M, Venegas J, Mora D, Rodriguez M, Pino E. 1997. Effects of nebulized salbutamol ˜ on respiratory mechanics in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 23:58–64
45. Shadnia S, Ashrafivand S, Mostafalou S, Abdollahi M. 2011. N-acetylcysteine a novel treatment for acute human organophosphate poisoning. Int. J. Pharmacol. 7:732–35.