Volume : 09, Issue : 05, May – 2022
Title:
27.MENTAL HEALTH BEFORE AND DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A LONGITUDINAL PROBABILITY SAMPLE SURVEY OF THE SAUDI POPULATION
Authors :
Shahad Ahmed Albalawi
Abstract :
Introduction: Public health emergencies such as COVID-19 pandemic has a negative effect on the physiological and mental health of both general population and communities. These negative effects appeared as emotional reactions, unhealthy behaviors, and noncompliance with public health guidelines the aim of this study was to investigate the psychological effect and to determine the depression prevalence among the Saudi population during the COVID-19 outbreak in Saudi Arabia.
Methodology: this cross-sectional study included Saudi populations who are older than 16 years. The sample size was calculated according to Raosoft Website Sample Size Calculator. The questionnaire contains three parts. The first part includes sociodemographic information. The second part contains information about past COVID-19 infection among participants or their relatives, and past history of depression. The third part contains information about mental health which was assessed using the 9-itemed patient health questionnaire. Ch-square test was used to assess the statistical significance. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant.
Result: 200 Saudi participated in the study. Out of them 119 (59.5%) were males and 81 (40.5%) were females. The mean age of the participants was 32.17 ± 9.48 years. The percentage of the participants who had mild to severe symptoms of depression was 62.5%. 24.5% had mild depression, 13% had moderate depression, 13% had moderately severe depression symptoms and 13.5% had severe depression symptoms. A significant relationship was found between dpression symptoms and educational level, history of personal COVID-19 infection or infection among relatives, and history of depression (p-value < 0.05)
Conclusion: The prevalence of depression among the study population was slightly higher than what was reported in regional studies in Saudi Arabia, which might be due to different assessment tools used in the previous studies. This study clearly demonstrates a relationship between COVID-19 pandemic and depression symptoms as evident by the strong statistical relationship between depression and COVID-19 infection among participants and/or one of their relatives. Strategies and policies need to be implemented to protect vulnerable groups of participants from mental health effects of COVID-19 pandemic.
Cite This Article:
Please cite this article in press Shahad ahmed Albalawi et al, Mental Health Before And During The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Probability Sample Survey Of The Saudi Population., Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2022; 09(5).,
Number of Downloads : 10
References:
1. Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun [Internet]. 2020 May;109:102433. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0896841120300469
2. Shah K, Kamrai D, Mekala H, Mann B, Desai K, Patel RS. Focus on Mental Health During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Applying Learnings from the Past Outbreaks. Cureus [Internet]. 2020 Mar 25; Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/29485-focus-on-mental-health-during-the- coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-applying-learnings-from-the-past-outbreaks
3. Phillip JT, Robert AB. Depression, anxiety, and cardiac morbidity outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery: a contemporary and practical review. J Geriatr Cardiol [Internet]. 2012 Jul 20;9(2):197–208. Available from: http://www.jgc301.com/en/article/doi/10.3724/SP.J.1263.2011.12221
4. Forsyth DR. Group-level resistance to health mandates during the COVID-19 pandemic: A groupthink approach. Gr Dyn Theory, Res Pract [Internet]. 2020 Sep;24(3):139–52. Available from: http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/gdn0000132
5. Pedrosa AL, Bitencourt L, Fróes ACF, Cazumbá MLB, Campos RGB, de Brito SBCS, et al. Emotional, Behavioral, and Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol [Internet]. 2020 Oct 2;11. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566212/full
6. Xiang Y-T, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 Mar;7(3):228–9. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2215036620300468
7. Orsini A, Corsi M, Santangelo A, Riva A, Peroni D, Foiadelli T, et al. Challenges and management of neurological and psychiatric manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID- 19) patients. Neurol Sci [Internet]. 2020 Sep 6;41(9):2353–66. Available from: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10072-020-04544-w
8. Poudel K, Subedi P. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on socioeconomic and mental health aspects in Nepal. Int J Soc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 Dec 10;66(8):748–55. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764020942247
9. Gupta S, Sahoo S. Pandemic and mental health of the front-line healthcare workers: a review and implications in the Indian context amidst COVID-19. Gen Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 Oct 7;33(5):e100284. Available from: http://gpsych.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100284
10. Alboaneen D, Pranggono B, Alshammari D, Alqahtani N, Alyaffer R. Predicting the Epidemiological Outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 Jun 25;17(12):4568. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/12/4568
11. AlHumaid J, Ali S, Farooq I. The psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and coping with them in Saudi Arabia. Psychol Trauma Theory, Res Pract Policy [Internet]. 2020 Jul;12(5):505–7. Available from: http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/tra0000623
12. Shi L, Lu Z-A, Que J-Y, Huang X-L, Liu L, Ran M-S, et al. Prevalence of and Risk Factors Associated With Mental Health Symptoms Among the General Population in China During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2020 Jul 1;3(7):e2014053. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767771
13. Nguyen HC, Nguyen MH, Do BN, Tran CQ, Nguyen TTP, Pham KM, et al. People with Suspected COVID-19 Symptoms Were More Likely Depressed and Had Lower Health-Related Quality of Life: The Potential Benefit of Health Literacy. J Clin Med [Internet]. 2020 Mar 31;9(4):965. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2077- 0383/9/4/965
14. Havnen A, Anyan F, Hjemdal O, Solem S, Gurigard Riksfjord M, Hagen K. Resilience Moderates Negative Outcome from Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated-Mediation Approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 Sep 4;17(18):6461. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/18/6461
15. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288(April):112954.
16. Fullana MA, Hidalgo-Mazzei D, Vieta E, Radua J. Coping behaviors associated with decreased anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. J Affect Disord [Internet]. 2020 Oct;275:80–1. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165032720323855
17. Goel N, Workman JL, Lee TT, Innala L, Viau V. Sex Differences in the HPA Axis. In: Comprehensive Physiology [Internet]. Wiley; 2014. p. 1121–55. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphy.c130054
18. McIntyre RS, Lee Y. Projected increases in suicide in Canada as a consequence of COVID-19. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 Aug;290:113104. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165178120310386
19. Thakur V, Jain A. COVID 2019-suicides: A global psychological pandemic. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 Aug;88:952–3. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889159120306437
20. Tan W, Hao F, McIntyre RS, Jiang L, Jiang X, Zhang L, et al. Is returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? A study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 Jul;87:84–92. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889159120306036
21. Huang Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Liu Z, Yu X, Yan J, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in China: a cross-sectional epidemiological study. The Lancet Psychiatry [Internet]. 2019 Mar;6(3):211–24. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S221503661830511X
22. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 Mar 6;17(5):1729. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/5/1729
23. Alkhamees AA, Alrashed SA, Alzunaydi AA, Almohimeed AS, Aljohani MS. The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the general population of Saudi Arabia. Compr Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 Oct;102:152192. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010440X20300341
24. AlAteeq DA, Aljhani S, Althiyabi I, Majzoub S. Mental health among healthcare providers during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health [Internet]. 2020 Oct;13(10):1432–7. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1876034120306353
25. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9. J Gen Intern Med [Internet]. 2001 Sep;16(9):606–13. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1046/j.1525- 1497.2001.016009606.x
26. Wenjun C, Ziwei F, Guoqiang H, Mei H, Xinrong X, Jiaxin D, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020;287(March 20, 2020):1–5. Available from: http://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&from=export&id=L200 5406993%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
27. LAU J, YANG X, TSUI H, PANG E, WING Y. Positive mental health-related impacts of the SARS epidemic on the general public in Hong Kong and their associations with other negative impacts. J Infect [Internet]. 2006 Aug;53(2):114–24. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016344530500335X
28. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, McIntyre RS, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 Jul;87:40–8. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889159120305110
29. Al-Qadhi W, ur Rahman S, Ferwana MS, Abdulmajeed IA. Adult depression screening in Saudi primary care: prevalence, instrument and cost. BMC Psychiatry [Internet]. 2014 Dec 3;14(1):190. Available from: http://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-14-190
30. Alibrahim OA, Al-Sadat N, Elawad NAM. Gender and risk of depression in Saudi Arabia, a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Public Health Africa [Internet]. 2010 Sep 1;1(1). Available from: http://www.publichealthinafrica.org/index.php/jphia/article/view/38
31. Alharbi A. The Prevalence of Depression and Related Factors During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among the General Population of the Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia. Cureus [Internet]. 2022 Feb 6; Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/85463-the- prevalence-of-depression-and-related-factors-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-among- the-general-population-of-the-jazan-region-of-saudi-arabia
32. Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, Lui LMW, Gill H, Phan L, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. J Affect Disord [Internet]. 2020 Dec;277:55–64. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165032720325891
33. Alyami HS, Naser AY, Dahmash EZ, Alyami MH, Alyami MS. Depression and anxiety during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: A cross‐sectional study. Int J Clin Pract [Internet]. 2021 Jul 27;75(7). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijcp.14244
34. Curtin LL. Coping with stress [Internet]. Vol. 19, Nursing Management. 1988 [cited 2022 Mar 8]. p. 7. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/stress- coping/cope-with- stress/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus %2F2019-ncov%2Fdaily-life-coping%2Fmanaging-stress-anxiety.html
35. Cornine A. Reducing Nursing Student Anxiety in the Clinical Setting: An Integrative Review. Nurs Educ Perspect [Internet]. 2020 Jul;41(4):229–34. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000633
36. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 Feb;395(10223):470–3. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673620301859
37. Xiao C. A Novel Approach of Consultation on 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)- Related Psychological and Mental Problems: Structured Letter Therapy. Psychiatry Investig [Internet]. 2020 Feb 25;17(2):175–6. Available from: http://psychiatryinvestigation.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.30773/pi.2020.0047
38. Alshaikh A, Mallawi M, Aljuhani S, Alkhotani R, Aljohani N, Aljehani D, et al. COVID-19 pandemic effects on diabetic patients in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Int J Med Dev Ctries [Internet]. 2020;1912–7. Available from: https://www.ejmanager.com/fulltextpdf.php?mno=3867
39. Zandifar A, Badrfam R. Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian J Psychiatr [Internet]. 2020 Jun;51:101990. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1876201820300988
40. Ayittey FK, Ayittey MK, Chiwero NB, Kamasah JS, Dzuvor C. Economic impacts of Wuhan 2019‐nCoV on China and the world. J Med Virol [Internet]. 2020 May 18;92(5):473–5. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jmv.25706
41. Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J, Lu L. 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 Feb;395(10224):e37–8. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673620303093
42. Bell C, Williman J, Beaglehole B, Stanley J, Jenkins M, Gendall P, et al. Psychological distress, loneliness, alcohol use and suicidality in New Zealanders with mental illness during a strict COVID-19 lockdown. Aust New Zeal J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2021 Jul 27;000486742110343. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00048674211034317
43. Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Tian C, et al. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID ‐19. Diabetes Metab Res Rev [Internet]. 2020 Oct 7;36(7). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.3319