Volume : 10, Issue : 01, January – 2023
Title:
04.TOXICITY ASSESSMENT AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES – AN OVERVIEW
Authors :
Sashanka Karuparthi, S. Sundar, K. Padmalatha, Sravanthi Yerreddu, Mounika Peram, Sowmya Rebba
Abstract :
Humans are exposed to many chemicals on daily basis but mostly toxicity obtained from single chemical exposure. Many factors are to be considered such as duration, route, frequency, timing of exposure, concentration while determining toxicity. To better understand the toxicity of chemical mixtures, a proper model system is essential. Shortcoming model systems are facing difficulties to find out appropriate balance of rigor and reproducibility in mixture toxicity studies. Certain questions will arise while comparing single to mixture toxicity. The most sensitive cases where toxicity leads to occur at lower doses is called as critical effect. They are based on the synergism, additivity, antagonism and potentiation. For toxicity evaluation to be more accurate, dose or concentration relevance should be considered and be below the threshold. Previously the work on chemical substances in done by the technology and methodology of the time but the recent studies are based on the progress of chemical substances in the mixture toxicology studies. Epidemiological risk assessment test are based on the chemical analytical tests. The evaluation of chemical substance is done by the quantitative or qualitative results. Amount of dose that is given to particular individual should be known for the study during exposure. This review consists of methods to determine the toxicity of using certain chemical substances and their epidemiological studies and functioning of chemical substances on human organs.
Keywords: Toxicity, Chemicals, Dose, Synergism, Antagonism.
Cite This Article:
Please cite this article in press Sashanka Karuparthi et al, Toxicity Assessment And Epidemiological Studies Of Chemical Substances – An Overview”., Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2023; 10(01).
Number of Downloads : 10
References:
1. Guidance for industry: Single dose acute toxicity testing for pharmaceuticals. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) 1996. Aug.
2. Booth A, Amen RJ, Scott M, Greenway FL. Oral dose-ranging developmental toxicity study of an herbal supplement (NT) and gallic acid in rats. Adv Ther. 2010; 27:250–5.
3. Ganiger S, Malleshappa HN, Krishnappa H, Rajashekhar G, Ramakrishna Rao V, Sullivan F. A two-generation reproductive toxicity study with curcumin, turmeric yellow, in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007; 45:64–9.
4. Hofmann T, Horstmann G, Stammberger I. Evaluation of the reproductive toxicity and embryotoxicity of insulin glargine (LANTUS) in rats and rabbits. Int J Toxicol. 2002; 21:181–9.
5. Diallo A, Eklu-Gadegkeku K, Agbonon A, Aklikokou K, Creppy EE, Gbeassor M. Acute and sub-chronic (28-day) oral toxicity studies of hydroalcohol leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides L (Asteraceae) Trop J Pharmaceut Res. 2010;9:463–7.
6. Matsuura I, Saito T, Tani E, Wako Y, Iwata H, Toyota N, et al. Evaluation of a two-generation reproduction toxicity study adding endopoints to detect endocrine disrupting activity using lindane. J Toxicol Sci. 2005; 30:135–61.
7. Gregory Cope W. Exposure classes, toxicants in air, water, soil, domestic and occupational settings. In: Hodgson E, editor. A textbook of modern toxicology. 3rd ed. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc; 2004.
8. Curren RD, Harbell JW. In vitro alternatives for ocular irritation. Environ Health Perspect. 1998; 106:485–92.
9. Gholami S, Soleimani F, Shirazi FH, Touhidpour M, Mahmoudian M. Evaluation of mutagenicity of mebudipine, a new calcium channel blocker. Iran J Pharmaceut Res. 2010.
10. Hofmann T, Horstmann G, Stammberger I. Evaluation of the reproductive toxicity and embryotoxicity of insulin glargine (LANTUS) in rats and rabbits. Int J Toxicol. 2002; 21:181–9.
11. Muralidhara S, Ramanathan R, Mehta SM, Lash LH, Acosta D, Bruckner JV. Acute, subacute, and subchronic oral toxicity studies of 1,1-dichloroethane in rats: Application to risk evaluation. Toxicol Sci. 2001; 64:135–45.
12. Ramanathan R, Bruckner JV. Acute, subacute, and subchronic oral toxicity studies in Toxicol Sci. 2001; 64:135–45.
13. Payan JP, Boudry I, Beydon D, Fabry JP, Grandclaude MC, Ferrari E, et al. Toxicokinetics and metabolism of N-[14C] N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in male Sprague-Dawley rats: In vivo and in vitro percutaneous absorption 2010.
14. Kimm-Brinson K, Ramsdell JS. The red tide toxin, brevetoxin, induces embryo toxicity and developmental abnormalities.Environ. Health Perspectives. 2001.
15. Matsuura I, Saito T, Evaluation of a two-generation reproduction toxicity study adding endopoints to detect endocrine disrupting activity using lindane. J Toxicol Sci. 2005; 30:135–61.