Volume : 12, Issue : 10, October – 2025
Title:
ANALGESIC EFFECT STUDIES ON ACETIC ACID-INDUCED WRITHING TEST USING WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (ASHWAGANDHA) AND PIPER NIGRUM (BLACK PEPPER) HERBAL EXTRACTS
Authors :
Kumaran J, Dr.K.L.Senthil Kumar*, Dr. P. D. Gokulan
Abstract :
The primary cause that makes people across the world enter the clinics or emergency departments is pain. Physicians tend to prescribe common pain relievers like opioids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAIDs). Still, these can be taken in the long term with unpleasant side effects such as bleeding in the gastrointestinal system, kidney damage, and opioids addiction. Due to such risks, patients and doctors are seeking safer alternatives particularly restoratives that are based on nature. Plant extracts normally seem to match that description, as they are more likely to cause milder adverse reactions. We shifted our interest in this research paper to two popular spices, Withania somniferous (also called Ashwagandha) and Piper nigrum (Black Pepper) and we evaluated their analgesic efficacy in Swiss albino mice utilizing the traditional acetic acid writhing test. the actions of each extract separately, observe what would occur when they were combined and determine whether they would be more effective in combination than separately. Mice were given common dosages of methanol extract of Ashwagandha or Black Pepper and aspirin was used as the faithful control. A widely-recognized method of examining pain as it reaches peripheral pathways was the acetic-acid writhing test which documented the number of twisting motions that each group had to experience following the jab. The evidence revealed that all treatments reduced the writhes count by a significant margin, the results of Ashwagandha and Black pepper are the most promising, and it is possible to believe in the proper herbal combination in the future.
KEYWORDS: Analgesic activity, Withania somniferous, Piper nigrum, acetic acid, writhing test, mice model, herbal medicine, synergistic effect.
Cite This Article:
Please cite this article in press Kumaran J et al., Analgesic Effect Studies On Acetic Acid-Induced Writhing Test Using Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) And Piper Nigrum (Black Pepper) Herbal Extracts, Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2025; 12(10).
REFERENCES:
Smith J., et al. (2020). Pharmacology of Analgesics. Journal of Pain Research, 13(2), 134–142.
1. Kumar A., & Sharma V. (2021). Natural products in pain management: a review. Herbal Pharmacology, 15(3), 210–222.
2. Lee H., et al. (2019). Models for evaluating analgesic activity in rodents. Experimental Pain Models, 10(4), 89–97.
3. Gupta R., et al. (2023). Herbal remedies and analgesia: new frontiers. Integrative Medicine Reports, 9(1), 45–60.
4. Miller D. et al. (2022). Clinical pain management and symptomatic evaluation. Journal of Clinical Therapeutics, 18(5), 105–114.
5. Wallace M., & Yaksh T. (2020). Mechanisms of neuropathic pain and interventions. Pain Mechanisms Review, 12(6), 345–360.
6. Thompson J., et al. (2018). Chronic pain and psychological outcomes. Pain & Mental Health, 7(4), 200–215.
7. Choi Y., et al. (2017). Rodent models for visceral pain and analgesia testing. Laboratory Animal Science, 22(3), 123–135.
8. Hassan S., et al. (2021). Assessment of pain-related behaviors in mice. Preclinical Pharmacology, 11(2), 77–89.
9. Davis K., et al. (2021). Understanding the diversity of pain patterns. Clinical Pain Review, 17(2), 113– 122.
10. Patel R., & Singh M. (2019). Characteristics of acute pain: A clinical overview. Emergency Pain Medicine, 6(3), 85–91.
11. Jenkins B., et al. (2020). Chronic pain: Beyond tissue damage. Pain Medicine Updates, 11(5), 144– 157.
12. Zhao Y., & Wang H. (2022). Neuropathic pain mechanisms and treatment. Journal of Neurological Disorders, 9(1), 33–45.
13. Thomas L., & Chen A. (2018). Visceral and referred pain: Clinical significance and mechanisms.
Internal Medicine Review, 8(4), 202–209.
14. Russo M., et al. (2020). Sex differences in pain sensitivity and patterns. Journal of Women’s Health Research, 12(2), 95–108.
15. Ahmed S., et al. (2023). Personalized approaches in pain management. Therapeutic Strategies in Pain, 14(1), 55–68.
16. Fields H.L., et al. (2020). Mechanisms of pain perception and modulation. Pain Pathways Journal, 15(2), 97–108.
17. Woolf C.J. (2021). Central sensitization: Implications for diagnosis and therapy of pain. Pain Research Reports, 12(4), 243–256.
18. Turk D.C., & Wilson H.D. (2019). Social and cultural influences on pain experience. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28(1), 67–80.
19. Linton S.J., et al. (2018). Primary prevention strategies for musculoskeletal pain. Occupational Health Today, 14(3), 115–124.
20. McCarthy L.H., et al. (2022). Role of nutrition in chronic pain prevention. Nutritional Pain Management, 9(2), 78–89.
21. Kehlet H., & Dahl J.B. (2020). Preventing chronic pain after surgery. The Lancet Pain Series, 17(5), 301–309.
22. Morley S., & Eccleston C. (2023). Psychological interventions in pain prevention and management. Journal of Psychosomatic Pain, 10(1), 12–25.
23. Jensen M.P., et al. (2021). Pain measurement tools in clinical practice. Clinical Pain Scales Review, 19(2), 110–123.
24. Dworkin R.H., et al. (2020). The physical examination in chronic pain diagnosis. Pain Practice, 11(4), 201–213.
25. Baron R., et al. (2019). Neurological assessments in neuropathic pain diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 36(5), 389–398.
26. Smith R.A., et al. (2022). Imaging techniques in musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain. Radiology in Pain Medicine, 8(3), 140–153.
27. Patel M.S., & Kumar R. (2023). Laboratory diagnosis in chronic inflammatory pain. Rheumatology Advances, 10(1), 54–67.
28. Manchikanti L., et al. (2018). Interventional diagnostic approaches in pain management. Pain Physician Journal, 21(1), 1–20.
29. Yaksh T.L., et al. (2017). Preclinical models for evaluating analgesic efficacy. Experimental Pain Research, 15(2), 75–89.
30. Turk D.C., & Okifuji A. (2020). Multidimensional pain diagnosis and treatment planning. Journal of Pain Management, 14(1), 9–21.
31. Kokate, C.K. (1986). Practical Pharmacognosy, 4th Edition, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi.
32. Vogel HG. Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays. 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2002.